Transcript Document
Population Dynamics, Carrying
Capacity, and Conservation Biology
G. Tyler Miller’s
Living in the Environment
13th Edition
Chapter 9
Dr. Richard Clements
Chattanooga State Technical Community College
Population Dynamics and Carrying
Capacity
Population dynamics
Zero population growth (ZPG)
Biotic potential (intrinsic rat of increase [r])
Environmental resistance
Carrying capacity
Minimum viable population (MVP)
Population Dispersion
Fig. 9-2 p. 191
Factors Affecting Population Size
Fig. 9-3 p. 192
Exponential and Logistic Growth
Fig. 9-4 p. 192
Fig. 9-5 p. 193
Fig. 9-6 p. 193
Population Density Effects
Density-independent controls
Density-dependent controls
Natural Population Curves
Fig. 9-7 p. 194
The Role of Predation in Controlling
Population Size
Predator-prey cycles Top-down control
Bottom-up control
Fig. 9-8 p. 195
Reproductive Patterns and Survival
Asexual reproduction r-selected species
Sexual reproduction K-selected species
Fig. 9-10
p. 196
Survivorship Curves
Fig. 9-11 p. 198
Conservation Biology: Sustaining
Wildlife Populations
Investigate human impacts on biodiversity
Ideas for maintaining biodiversity
Endangered species management
Wildlife reserves and ecological restoration
Ecological economics
Environmental ethics
Wildlife management
Human Impacts on Ecosystems
Habitat degradation and fragmentation
Ecosystem simplification
Genetic resistance
Predator elimination
Introduction of non-native species
Overharvesting renewable resources
Interference with ecological systems
Learning from Nature
Interdependence
Diversity
Resilience
Adaptability
Unpredictability
Limits
See Connections p. 200
The Human Population: Growth,
Demography, and Carrying Capacity
G. Tyler Miller’s
Living in the Environment
13th Edition
Chapter 12
Dr. Richard Clements
Chattanooga State Technical Community College
Factors Affecting Human
Population Size
Population change equation
Population
Change
=
(Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)
Zero population growth (ZPG)
Crude birth rate (BR)
Crude death rate (DR)
Refer to Fig. 12-3 p. 255
Natural Rate of Increase
Annual world
population growth
<1%
1-1.9%
2-2.9%
3+%
Data not
available
Fig. 12-4 p. 256
Fertility Rates
Replacement-level fertility Total fertility rate (TFR)
Births per woman
<2
4-4.9
2-2.9
5+
3-3.9
No
Data
Fig. 12-10 p. 258
Factors Affecting BR and TFR
See bulleted list in text p. 259
Births per thousand population
US BR’s and TFR’s
32
30
28
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
0
1910
Fig. 12-13 p. 259;
see Fig. 12-12 p. 259
End of World War II
Demographic
transition
1920
Depression
1930
1940
Baby boom
1950
1960
Year
Baby bust
1970
Echo baby boom
1980
1990
2000
2010
Factors Affecting DR
Life expectancy Infant mortality rate (IMR)
Infant deaths
per 1,000 live births
<10
<10-35
<36-70
<71-100
<100+
Data not
available
Fig. 12-18 p. 262
Factors Affecting Natural Rate of
Increase
Rate of natural increase = crude birth rate – crude death rate
50
40
Rate per 1,000 people
50
Rate of
natural increase
30
Crude
birth rate
20
Crude
death rate
10
0
17751800
1850
1900
1950
Crude
birth rate
40
30
Crude
death rate
Rate of
natural
increase
20
10
2000
2050
0
17751800
Fig. 12-17 p. 262
1850
1900 1950
Year
2000
© 2004 Brooks/Cole – Thomson Learning
Developing Countries
Developed Countries
2050
Fig. 12-19
p. 263
Population Age Structure
Male
Female
Rapid Growth
Guatemala
Nigeria
Saudi Arabia
Ages 0-14
Slow Growth
United States
Australia
Canada
Ages 15-44
Zero Growth
Spain
Austria
Greece
Negative Growth
Germany
Bulgaria
Sweden
Ages 45-85+
Solutions: Influencing
Population Size
Migration
Environmental refugees
Reducing births
Family planning
Empowerment of women
Economic rewards and penalties
The Demographic Transition
Stage 2
Transindustrial
Stage 3
Industrial
Stage 4
Postindustrial
High
80
70
Fig. 12-25 p. 269
Relative population size
Birth rate and death rate
(number per 1,000 per year)
Stage 1
Preindustrial
60
50
Birth rate
40
30
Death rate
20
10
0
Total population
Low
Increasing Growth Very high Decreasing
Low
Zero
growth rate
growth rate
growth rate growth rate growth rate growth rate
Time
Low
Negative
growth rate
Case Study: Slowing Population
Growth in India
Generally disappointing results:
Poor planning
Bureaucratic inefficiency
Low status of women
Extreme poverty
Lack of support
Case Study: Slowing Population
Growth in China
Generally positive results:
Economic incentives
Free medical care
Preferential treatment
Intrusive and coercive
Locally administered
Cutting Global Population Growth
Family planning
Reduce poverty
Elevate the status of women