Transcript HUMAN IMPACT on the BIOSPHERE Chapter 6

HUMAN IMPACT on the
BIOSPHERE
Chapter 6-1
A Changing Landscape
INTEREST GRABBER How Does Everything Fit?
Go to
Section:
Click here to play the Ch6 video segment.
Objectives:
Explain how environmental
resources are classified
-Identify the characteristics of
sustainable development
-Describe how human activities affect
land, air, and water resources
-
Go to
Section:
Section 6-1
Leaving a Mark on the World
Have you ever seen very old photographs of the
town or city in which you now live? Has your
area changed? Perhaps there are more
buildings or roads than there were many years
ago. Maybe your town or city has more trees
and flowers now than it had years ago.
Humans, like all organisms, have an effect on
their environment.
Go to
Section:
Interest Grabber Answers
1. Choose an animal other than a human and describe at least two ways
in which it may change its environment.
Sample answers: A beaver both removes wood from a forest and dams a
body of water. A dog digs a hole and may damage plants, but also may
unearth worms and turn the soil.
2. What events might have led to the changes that occurred in your town
or city?
Sample answers: increase or decrease in population and industry.
3. What positive effect have humans had on their environment? What
negative effect have humans had on their environment?
Humans preserve, conserve, and restore the natural environment as well
as construct facilities that improve human health. Humans pollute the air,
water, and land with materials that can harm humans and other organisms.
HUMAN ACTIVITIES
Humans participate in
Food webs & ____________________
Biogeochemical cycles
__________
http://www.brevardcounty.us/mrrp/images/misc/boat_cartoon.jpg
Humans play a part in the ecosystems
on the planet
HUMAN ACTIVITIES can change
local and global environments!
HUNTING
and GATHERING
______________________________
AGRICULTURE
____________________
_________________
INDUSTRY
URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
___________________________
Images from:
http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/s2s/latest/art1/src/proj/Art/cave_art/Hunters-Deer.jpg
http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/127525/2/istockphoto_127525_farming.jpg
http://www.kidcrosswords.com/kidoutdoors/the%20environment/pollution_smokestacks.jpg
http://www.lubee.org/images/about-threats-1.jpg
WHAT HAVE WE BEEN DOING?
_______________________
HUNTING and GATHERING
http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8302763
http://www.aeffonline.org/images/poachersandelephant.jpg
HUNTING AND GATHERING
Throughout human history, people have
birds and mammals ___________
hunted __________________,
fished
in rivers, and gathered
__________________________________
wild seeds, fruits,and nuts.
Even these early people changed their
_________________
environments
http://www.amonsoquath.net/gallery/pages/chee.html
HUNTING AND GATHERING
Today, people in many parts of the world still
follow the “hunter-gatherer” way of life.
These people make ______________
few demands on the
environment. However, some are beginning to
modern technology such as guns,
use ____________________
snowmobiles, or other tools.
http://www.travelwriter.co.za/let-the-train-strain_p2.html
http://www.museevirtuel.ca/Exhibitions/Inuit_Haida/inuit/snowmobile.jpg
WHAT PROBLEMS CAN THIS
CAUSE?
OVERHUNTING can put animal
________________
populations at risk of ____________
extinction
http://www.geocities.com/jeniegirl27/SealHunting.html
http://www.southeastutah.org/photos/dino.jpg
VOCAB
Species that has died out =
extinct
______________
Species whose population size is
rapidly declining and will become
extinct if the trend continues
endangered
= _____________
http://www.blackfootedferret.org/
Species that is in danger of
becoming endangered in
threatened
the near future = ____________
http://www.fresnochaffeezoo.com/images/bald-eagle.gif
WHAT PROBLEMS CAN THIS CAUSE?
Scientists hypothesize that the first humans to
arrive in North America caused a major
mass extinction
__________________of
animals like
woolly mammoths, giant sloths, and
saber-toothed cats.
http://www.tunturisusi.com/kissat/smilodon4.jpg
WHAT PROBLEMS CAN THIS CAUSE?
Many species that once lived in
North America (like zebra, cheetah, and
yak) have disappeared from continent.
http://www.swindonweb.com/life/mammoth1.jpg
EXAMPLE: WHALES
During the 19th and the earlier part of
20th centuries, over-hunting led to a
severe _________of
whale
overkill
populations, and to _______________
endangerment
of five whale species.
Minke whale = most hunted species
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/456900/456973/html/nn1page1.stm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whaling#Conservation_status
EXAMPLE: North American Buffalo
Wild buffalo in America once numbered
______________
30 - 60 million, ranging from Virginia to
Alaska and all points in between.
Pile of bison skulls, 1870’s
By 1884, the buffalo
was close to extinction
overhunting
due to ______________.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bison
HOW DO WE HELP?
International Whaling Commission has
placed a moratorium on whaling.
Only works if nations voluntarily comply
http://www.cdnn.info/eco/whaling_250146.jpg
HOW DO WE HELP?
Conservation efforts, private ownership, and
reintroduction of buffalo have allowed the
population to recover slightly.
Today, the total buffalo
population in North
America is estimated at
90,000 and about
85 percent
of these animals are
privately owned.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bison
WHAT PROBLEMS CAN THIS
CAUSE?
Many endangered animals today are
Illegal poaching
threatened by ____________________
http://cnnstudentnews.cnn.com/EARTH/9710/02/kenya.ivory.ap
/
http://www.aeffonline.org/images/poachersandelephant.jpg
OVERHUNTING/POACHING
endangered.
• All five rhino species are ____________
• Just a few decades ago, the world’s
rhino population exceeded 100,000,
but today there are less than 11,000 due to
_____________
habitat loss and _________________.
poaching
Rhino horns are in demand in many
• _______________
countries where they can bring over $60,000/lb.
It is ground into medicine in China and
carved into ceremonial dagger handles in Yemen.
http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/2003/6/Sidebar_Forensics.cfm
WHAT CAN WE DO TO HELP?
Convention on International Trade
The_______________________________
__________________________
(CITES)
in Endangered Species
bans international ________
trade in products
from endangered species.
http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~sjberg/CITES.htm
WHAT CAN WE DO TO HELP?
Support “Green” organizations that work
for laws to establish quotas and protect
species.
http://www.nwf.org/
http://www.maksimum.com/haberler/h/greenpeacee_cevre_cezasi.php
http://www.sierraclub.org/
http://www.sierraclub.org/
HUMAN ACTIVITIES can also change
local and global environments!
HUNTING
and GATHERING
______________________________
AGRICULTURE
____________________
_________________
INDUSTRY
URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
___________________________
Images from:
http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/s2s/latest/art1/src/proj/Art/cave_art/Hunters-Deer.jpg
http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/127525/2/istockphoto_127525_farming.jpg
http://www.kidcrosswords.com/kidoutdoors/the%20environment/pollution_smokestacks.jpg
http://www.lubee.org/images/about-threats-1.jpg
By end of last ice age (about 11,000 years ago)
humans began the practice of farming
AGRICULTURE
= __________________
Soon people around the
world were growing
crops and raising
animals for food
agriculture
http://www.bu.edu/mzank/Jerusalem/im/agriculture.jpg
Changing Agriculture
The spread of agriculture was one of most
__________
important developments in human history.
It _____________
provided food in large quantities that could
be stored for later.
settle in one place and
Allowed people to __________________
enabled the _______________of
cities,
development
governments, laws, and writing.
http://www.travelwriter.co.za/let-the-train-strain_p2.html
http://www.museevirtuel.ca/Exhibitions/Inuit_Haida/inuit/snowmobile.jpg
Changing Agriculture
By middle of 20th century, despite agricultural
advances there were food
________________in
shortages
many parts of the world.
http://www.enjoy.org/hstech/HungerSite02/america/FordSchwartz/
Governments and scientists began a major
effort to ____________
food production
increase
Changing Agriculture
highly productive
Plant breeders: developed _______________
“miracle strains” of wheat and rice
AND
Modern ________________________spread
farming techniques
http://www.wfbf.com/media_center/photo_gallery/Soybean%20combine.jpg
http://interactive.usask.ca/ski/media/stills/agriculture/crops/t_plant-breeder.jpg
GREEN REVOLUTION
This effort = ______________________
Changing Agriculture
Large fields are planted with a single variety
MONOCULTURE
year after year = ________________
fertilizers
Chemical _____________
boosted crop growth
pesticides
and ______________
controlled
damaging insects
http://imagesource.allposters.com/images/NGSPOD04/107870.jpg
Changing Agriculture
Over the last 50 years, the green revolution
double
has helped world food production _________.
Even though hunger is still a major problem
in parts of the world, agriculture and
the green revolution have provided many
people with better nutrition.
http://www.enjoy.org/hstech/HungerSite02/america/FordSchwartz/
Challenges for Future
Modern agriculture has increased world
food supplies
_________________,
but has also created
________________
challenges.
ecological
Large scale monoculture leads to problems
Insect pests and _______________.
with ____________
diseases
Use of farm chemicals (fertilizers & pesticides)
can damage ____________
beneficial insects,
________________
water supplies, and
contaminate
______________
in the environment
accumulate
Challenges for Future
Finding enough __________
for irrigation is
water
another problem.
Less than ¼ of US farmland
irrigation
relies heavily on ___________,
but this area produces a
major
__________
portion of
our harvest.
http://www.suu.edu/faculty/bowman/Econ1740/HeilbronerZinn/ogallala_aquifer_map_pic_2.gif
http://www.suu.edu/faculty/bowman/Econ1740/HeilbronerZinn/ogallala_aquifer_map_pic_2.g
Challenges for Future
Many Midwest states rely
OGALLALA
on the ___________aquifer
for their water needs.
However, we are using
water faster than the
replenish
water cycle can _____________
it.
Evidence indicates this aquifer may
run dry
__________
within 20-40 years.
HOW DO WE HELP?
modern technology to farming is
Applying ____________________
changing some of this environmental
impact.
EX:
_________________
Satellite imaging and
___________________
GPS technology
enable farmers to
apply chemicals
only where needed
_____________________
HOW DO WE FIX IT?
Applying modern technology to farming is
changing some of this environmental
impact.
EX:
“No-till” and other
___________
“green” farming methods
reduce soil erosion
can ___________________
protect ecosystems
and ___________________
http://cbarc.aes.oregonstate.edu/images/no-till.jpg
Sustainable Agriculture
Ways
Section 6-4 to preserve the environment
Cover Crops
Legumes, grasses, and other
cover crops recycle soil nutrients,
reduce fertilizer need, and
prevent weed growth.
Contour Plowing
Contour plowing reduces
soil erosion from land runoff.
On hilly areas, plowing is done
across the hill rather than
straight up and down.
Controlled Grazing
By managing graze periods and herd
densities, farmers can improve nutrient
cycling, increase the effectiveness of
precipitation, and increase the carrying
capacity of pastures.
A
B
Yr. 1
Yr. 3
C
Crop Rotation
Different crops use and
replenish different nutrients.
alfalfa By rotating crops, the loss
corn alfalfa (plowed in) of important plant nutrients
is decreased.
corn
Yr. 2
Biological Pest Control
The use of predators and parasites
to control destructive insects
minimizes pesticide use as well as
crop damage
oats alfalfa
oats alfalfa
corn
HUMAN ACTIVITIES can also change
local and global environments!
HUNTING
and GATHERING
______________________________
AGRICULTURE
____________________
_________________
INDUSTRY
URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
___________________________
Images from:
http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/s2s/latest/art1/src/proj/Art/cave_art/Hunters-Deer.jpg
http://www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/127525/2/istockphoto_127525_farming.jpg
http://www.kidcrosswords.com/kidoutdoors/the%20environment/pollution_smokestacks.jpg
http://www.lubee.org/images/about-threats-1.jpg
INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
and URBAN DEVELOPMENT
The impact of humans on the biosphere was
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
transformed by the _____________________
during the 1800’s.
http://www.archives.gov/research/american-cities/images/american-cities-015.jpg
Industrial productivity and scientific
advancements have provided us with
the ______________________
modern conveniences we enjoy today
http://www.vallartasource.com/images/cell_phone.jpg
http://www.danielwiener.com/daniel/tips/archives/humvee_2.jpg
http://www.scriptfx.com/gallery/computer/laptop.jpg
http://www.wii-volution.com/images/wii/gamecube.jpg
http://www.nbz.ru/pic/catalog/ipod/ipod_color.gif
BUT . . .
The spread of urban
areas has resulted in
destruction
the _____________
habitats.
Air, water, & soil
pollution
_____________
has had an
impact on surrounding
ecosystems.
http://www.kidcrosswords.com/kidoutdoors/the%20environment/pollution_smokestacks.jpg
Energy production requires
burning fossil fuels
______________________
which impacts
air quality
_______________
global climate
and _______________.
MORE ON THIS
IN 6-4!
http://tuberose.com/Environmental_Toxicity.html
Core High School
Nature of Science
Performance Descriptors
High school students
performing at the
ADVANCED level:
given a scientific discovery, evaluate how different
societal, cultural, and personal beliefs influenced the
investigation and its interpretation;
High school students
performing at the
PROFICIENT level:
given a scientific discovery narrative, determine and
describe how societal, cultural, and personal beliefs
influenced the investigation and its interpretation;
High school students
performing at the
BASIC level:
describe the role of observation in the development
of hypotheses, theories, and laws and conduct
student investigations;
given a scientific discovery narrative, identify the
cultural and personal beliefs that influenced the
investigation.
Core High School
Life/Earth Science
Performance Descriptors
High school students
performing at the
ADVANCED level:
High school students
performing at the
PROFICIENT level:
predict the effect of an interruption in a given cycles;
predict how human activity may change the land,
ocean, and atmosphere of Earth.
High school students
performing at the
BASIC level:
describe one factor that may affect global climate;
give an example of human activity that changes the
land, ocean, or atmosphere of Earth
predict how life systems respond to changes in
the environment;
describe how various factors may affect global
climate;
explain how human activity changes the land, ocean,
and atmosphere of Earth
Core High School
Technology, Environment, Society
Performance Descriptors
High school students
performing at the
ADVANCED level:
High school students
performing at the
PROFICIENT level:
modify a technology taking into consideration limiting
factors of design;
given a narrative of a scientific discovery, defend a position
on the impact of the ethical issues.
High school students
performing at the
BASIC level:
given a narrative of a scientific discovery, identify the
immediate consequences of scientific issues;
identify ethical roles and responsibilities concerning a given
research project;
identify factors that could limit technological design;
given a narrative description of a resource, describe a
benefit and limitation involved in its use, conservation, or
recycling.
given a narrative of a scientific discovery, identify and
evaluate the immediate and long-term consequences of
scientific issues
evaluate factors that could limit technological design;
given a narrative description of a resource, analyze and
describe the benefits, limitations, cost, and consequences
involved in its use, conservation, or recycling
SOURCES
http://www.animation-station.com/smileys/index.php?page=17
http://mff.dsisd.net/Environment/Cycles.htm
http://www.romanviii.co.uk/bp/nhpage.asp?pcat=about_us
SOURCES
http://www.oldetimecooking.com/Images/Fruits/Apple.jpg
http://vilenski.org/science/safari/classifyall/eukaryotic.html
http://dustconnection.com/images/stories/cleaning_bucket_sm.jpg