Transcript National cultures

National
cultures
B.V.L.Narayana
Definitions
• This is based on studies conducted by
Hofstede
– Culture is defined as (Kluckhons 1951)
• Patterned way of thinking, feeling and reacting
• Acquired and transmitted
• By symbols, artifacts, ideas, values, heroes and
practices
• Consists of distinctive achievements of human groups
– Is defined as (Hofstede ) as
• Collective programming of the mind which
distinguishes one group from another
Definitions
• Consists of values, symbols, heroes,
rituals
– Value is a broad tendency to prefer certain
states over others—influences selection of
actions
– Symbols are words, gestures, pictures, objects
that carry complex meanings recognized as
such by those who share that culture
– Heroes are persons –real or imaginary– who
possess characteristics that are prized in a
culture
– Rituals are collective activities that are
technically not necessary for desired ends but
are considered socially necessary to keep
individuals within norms of collectivity
Issues in measurement
• Ecological fallacy
– Use data and inferences from societal
level to interpret data at individual level
• Reverse ecological fallacy
– Use data at individual level to interpret
at societal level
Dimensions
• Power distance –PDI
– Extent to which the less powerful
members accept and expect that power
is distributed unequally
– High level of inequality of power and
weakness is accepted
• Individualism IDV
– Emphasis on looking after themselves
– Low score means collectivism
Dimensions
• Uncertainty avoidance –UAI
– degree of comfort in unstructured situations–
high score more open to unstructured
situations
• Masculinity –MAS
– Distribution of emotional role between genders
– Grater score means greater gap between
values of men and women
• Long term orientation –LTO
– Acceptance of delayed gratification of material,
social and emotional needs
– Greater score means perseverance and
parsimony
Some scores
Dimensi AV US UK IN
ons
A
DI
PDI
A
55 40 30 77
GE AR CHI
R AB NA
30 80
80
JA PA
PA K
N
50 50
IDV
43 91 89 42
62 38
20
41 10
UAI
65 46 30 40
60 68
38
89 67
MAS
50 62 61 56
61 52
50
90 45
LTO
45 20 20 61
25 60
118
76 5
ISSUES
• Role of learning
– Mental frameworks
– Is a learned concept
– Concept of change in culture
– Is the final factor impacting
performance
– Can convergence occur? Across
countries
– Concept of sub cultures
• Implication for railways, RSC
THE PYRAMID OF CULTURE
SOCIETAL
ORGANISATIONAL
GROUP
INDIVIDUAL
THANKS
ANY
QUESTI
ONS