Transcript MANUAL-MATERIAL HANDLING - Keluarga IKMA FKMUA 2010

MANUAL-MATERIAL HANDLING
Pendahuluan
• Mekanisasi >> msh > pekerjaan yg hrs
dilakukan secara manual – mengandalkan
kekuatan manusia  LBP
• Fakta : 20% cedera punggung Work related bisa diatasi dengan teknik manual handling
yg benar
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, more than one million workers suffer
back injuries each year, and back injuries account for one of every five workplace
injuries or illnesses. Furthermore, one-fourth of all compensation indemnity claims
involve back injuries, costing employers billions of dollars. These figures do not
begin to reflect the pain and suffering employees experience as a result of their
injuries.
• Back Injuries are the 2nd-most
common workplace problem
• A back injury costs an average of
$11,645 in medical claims and lost
time wages.
National Safety Council
• Most back injuries can be prevented
What is “Ergonomics”?
Ergonomics is the scientific study of human work.
Ergonomic principals adapt work to a specific person by designing tasks & tools
or equipment to fit the individual to prevent injuries to the musculoskeletal
system.
What are the benefits of ergonomics?
•Reduction of work-related injuries
•Increased worker productivity
•Increased work quality
•Reduced absenteeism
•Increased morale
YOU JUST
FEEL BETTER!
Ergonomics provides a win-win
situation…..on and off the job
DEFINISI
• MMH  memindahkan item /barang dengan
energi manusia
Termasuk dalam manual handling
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Lifting
Lowering
Pushing
pulling
Carrying – moving
Holding (person, animal or item)
Contoh
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•
Bawa box
Using handles
Repair activity
lifting
Item yg dipundahkan bisa berveriasi dlm:
• Bentuk
- Ukuran
• Berat
- Bulk
• Jenis
- Kemudahan
Risiko pd pekerja yg melakukan MMH
Masalah utama MMH
• Tdk menggunakan teknik mengangkat &
membawa dg benar
– Mengangkat-posisi awkward
– Mengangkat sambil memutar (twisting)
– Mengangkat beban terlalu berat
– Gerakan repetitive
– Membawa item yg berukuran besar
mengganggu pandangan & keseimbangan
The amount of force you place on
your back during lifting may surprise
you! Think of your back as a see
saw, with the pivot point in the
center. It only
takes ten
pounds of
pressure to lift a
ten
pound object.
If you shift the pivot point to one side, it takes much more
force to lift the same object. Your waist acts like the pivot point on a see saw, with
a 10:1 ratio. Lifting a
ten pound object puts
100 pounds of pressure
on your lower back.
When you add in the 105
pounds of the average
human upper torso, you see
that
lifting a ten pound
object
actually puts 1,150
pounds of
pressure on the
lower back.
Bend Your Knees
Bend at your knees, not your waist.
This helps you keep your center
of balance and lets your legs do the lifting, not your
back.
"Hug" The Load
Try to hold the object as close
to your body as
possible, as you gradually straighten your legs
to a standing position.
Avoid Twisting
Twisting can overload your spine
and lead to serious injury. Make
sure your feet, knees and torso are
pointed in the same direction when
you are lifting.
(200 lbs.)
Lever effect -- can magnify
weight by factor of up to 10
(40 lbs.)
100 lbs.
10 lbs.
Maximum Safe Lifting
Weight = 51 lbs.
National Safety Council
Use Your Head and Save Your Back!
•STAND
close to
the load
Means
using
your
head!
•Bend
your
knees not your
back!
•Let
your
legs do
the
lifting
Get Help
with
heavy or
awkward
loads!
Use
the
right
tools!
Carrying the load…
• Hold the load close so you can see over it.
• Keep the load balanced.
• Avoid twisting the body
• Watch out for pinch points -- doorways, etc.
• Face the way you will be moving.
For those Awkward Moments...
If you must lift or lower from a high place:
•Stand on a platform instead of a ladder
•Lift the load in smaller pieces if possible
• Push the load to see how heavy and stable it is.
• Slide the load as close to yourself as possible before
lifting up or down.
• Get help when needed to avoid an injury.
From hard-to-get-at places...
• Get as close to the load as possible
• Keep back straight, stomach muscles tight
• Push buttocks out behind you.
• Bend your knees
• Use leg, stomach, and buttock muscles to lift -- not
your back.
Heavy lifting can injure the back, especially
when it is repetitive and over a long period of
time.
Twisting at the waist while lifting
or holding a heavy
load…this often happens when using a shovel…
Reaching and lifting…
Over your head, across a table, or out the back
of a truck…
Lifting or carrying objects with awkward or
odd shapes…
Working in awkward, uncomfortable
positions…
Sitting or standing too long
in one position
can be very hard on the back…
It is also possible to injure your back
slipping on a wet floor, ice, etc…
Exercises that work your back, hips,
thighs, and abdominal muscles can
minimize back problems…
Warm up slowly and exercise regularly…
Wall slides will strengthen your hips, thighs, and
lower back…
Stand with your back against the wall, feet shoulderwidth apart. Slide down into a crouch with knees
bent to a 90º angle. Count to 5 and slide back up.
Repeat 5 times…
Leg raises will strengthen your legs and lower back…
Lie on your stomach and raise one leg from the floor. Hold for a 10 count and
return leg to floor. Do the same with the other leg. Repeat five times with
each leg…
Crunches will strengthen your abdominal
muscles….
Lie flat on your back, knees bent and feet flat on
the floor. With your hands supporting the head
and neck, slowly raise head and shoulders off
floor. Count to 10 and repeat 5 times…
Knee raises will strengthen your legs and
abdominal muscles…
Lie on back, knees bent and feet flat on
floor. Raise knees toward chest. Do not
raise head or straighten legs as you lower
them. Repeat 10 times…
Lie on your stomach, hands under shoulders, and push up. Raise
top half of your body as high as possible. Keep hips and thighs on
floor. Repeat 10 times…
Stand with feet shoulder-width apart. Place hands
in small of back. Keep knees straight and bend back
at waist as far as possible. Hold for a couple of
seconds. Repeat as needed.
Use proper lifting techniques
Exercise on a regular basis
Place objects up off the floor
Use carts, dollies, and other lifting devices
whenever possible
Test the weight of an object before lifting by
picking up a corner
Get help if the object is too heavy
BEBERAPA PETUNJUK
• KERJA DUDUK  TIDAK BOLEH MENGANGKAT ATAU
MEMBAWA OBYEK DENGAN BEBAN >4,5 KG
• JIKA OBYEK YANG DIANGKAT >16-20 KG HARUS
LEBIH HATI2 DALAM EVALUASI RISIKO
• PEKERJA YG SDH AGAK LANJUT  TIDAK BOLEH
MEMBAWA, MENGANGKAT ATAU MENURUNKAN
BEBAN >55 KG TANPA BANTUAN ALAT  BUAT TEAM
KERJA  TERAPKAN METODE ANGKAT YANG BENAR
RECOMMENDED WEIGHT LIMIT (RWL)
• Recomendasi NIOSH
• RWL= berat beban yang masih aman untuk
dikerjakan pada waktu tertentu tanpa menimbulkan
risiko gangguan sakit pinggang (LBP) (Water &
Anderson 1996b)
• 6 variabel : Horizonta Load (H); Vertical Load (V),
Destination (D), Angle of Asymetric (A), Frekuency of
Lifting (F), Coupling Classification ( C )
RWL = LC X HM X VM X DM X AM X FM X CM
LC = LOAD CONSTANT =23 Kg
HM=HORIZONTAL MULTIPLIER = 25/H
VM= Vertical Multiplier = (1 – 0,003 / (V-75) )
DM = Distance Multiplier = (0,82 + 4.5/ D )
AM = Asymetric Multiplier = (1 – 0.0032A)
FM = Frequency Multiplier (tabel 1)
CM – Coupling Multiplier (tabel 2)
Tabel 1 Frequency Muliplier
Freq.
lift/minute
(F)
Lama Kerja Mengangkat
≤ 1 jam
V < 75
V ≥ 75
≥ 0,2
1,00
1,00
0,5
0,97
1
> 1 jam dan ≤
≤
V ≥ 75
V < 75
V ≥ 75
0,95
0,95
0,85
0,85
0,97
0,92
0,92
0,81
0,81
0,94
0,94
0,88
0,88
0,75
0,75
2
0,91
0,91
0,84
0,84
0,65
0,65
3
0,88
0,88
0,79
0,79
0,55
0,55
4
0,84
0,84
0,72
0,72
0,45
0,45
5
0,80
0,80
0,60
0,60
0,35
0,35
6
0,75
0,75
0,50
0,50
0,27
0,27
7
0,70
0,70
0,42
0,42
0,22
0,22`
8
0,60
0,60
0,35
0,35
0,18
0,18
V < 75
lanjutan
Freq.
lift/minute
(F)*
Lama Kerja Mengangkat
≤ 1 jam
**V < 75
> 1 jam dan ≤ 2 jam
V ≥ 75 V < 75
V ≥ 75
> 2 jam ≤ 8 jam
V < 75
V ≥ 75
9
0,52
0,52
0,26
0,26
0,00
0,15
10
0,45
0,45
0,00
0,23
0,00
0,13
11
0,41
0,41
0,00
0,21
0,00
0,00
12
0,37
0,37
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
13
0,00
0,34
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
14
0,00
0,31
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
15
0,00
0,28
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
>15
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
*untuk frekuensi angkatan < 1 kali/5 menit , F= 0,2 lift/min
** dalam cm , diukur dari permukaan lantai
Tabel 2. Couplig Multiplier
Tipe coupling
Baik (Good)
Sedang (Fair)
Jelek (Poor)
Cm
V < 75 cm
1,00
0,95
0,90
V ≥ 75 cm
1,00
1,00
0,90
LIFTING INDEX (LI)
• ESTIMASI SEDERHANA THD RISIKO CEDERA YANG
DIAKIBATKAN OLEH OVER EXERTION.
• BERDASARKAN BERAT BEBAN DAN NILAI RWL  LI
DPT DITENTUKAN SBB
• LI = BB / RWL ≤ 3,0
• KRITERIA :
LI ≤ 1,0 (LOW RISK OF LBP);
(MODERATELY STRESSFUL TASK);
STRESSFUL TASK)
LI > 1
LI > 3 (HIGHLY
• Seorang pekerja bagian produksi bertugas melakukan
pekerjaan mengangkat hasil produksi dalam kemasa untuk
dimasukkan ke dalam kardus pengepakan. Berat produk 20 kg.
Dalam waktu 8 jam kerja (1 jam istirahat) , ia harus
memasukkan 700 produk ke dalam dus. Pekerjaan dilakukan
dengan berdiri. Jarak antara pekerja dengan produk 25 cm
(horizontal) , ketinggian 80 cm (vertikal). Jarak (destinasi) 50
cm. benda berbentuk persegi dan tak ada handle.Pertanyaan :
apakah pekerjaan yang dilakukan ini mempunyai risiko untuk
cedera musculo skeletal?