Transcript Slide 1

Birth rate
Average birth rate in MEDCs:13 per 1000
Average birth rate in LEDCs:27 per 1000
Q1 give one economic reason for low birth rates in MEDCs
Q2 give one social reason for low birth rates in MEDCs
Q 3 give reasons why birth rates are high in many LEDCs
The number of live births per 1000 people
per year
A1 people can afford to use birth control; children are
expensive to raise; women want to follow their careers
A2 having one or two children is considered a normal
family size; women are well educated
A3 reasons – lack of family planning clinics in rural areas;
women are poorly educated and marry young; some
governments and religions do not approve of birth
control; children help with the family income by working
Death rate
Average death rate in MEDCs:10 per 1000
Average death rate in LEDCs:9 per 1000
Q1 explain why death rates have declined almost
everywhere in the world in the last 50 years
Q2 Why are death rates in MEDCs similar to those in
LEDCs despite better medical facilities in MEDCs?
Q3 Name a country with an increasing death rate. Give a
reason for this increase.
The number of deaths per 1000 people per
year
A1 due to improved medical knowledge and healthcare;
vaccination programmes; improved access to clean
water
A2 in MEDCs there are more old people who are reaching
the end of their natural life spans whereas there is a
higher percentage
A3 some African countries like Zimbabwe, Sierra Leone
also Russia
people in many southern African countries are badly
affected by AIDS; in other countries it is due to war; in
Russia due to poverty
Population structure
Q1 Describe the shape of
this population pyramid
Q2 How does it show a
young population
structure?
Q3 Name some problems
caused by young
population structures
The make up of a population by age and sex,
usually shown by a population pyramid
A1 wide base, steep sides and narrow top
A2 widest at the base, very narrow at the top
A3 high population increase; increased
demands for food; pressure on services
such as education and health; growth of
big cities and urban problems;
unemployment and poverty; environmental
damage – air and water pollution
Migration
Q1. state the differences between the pairs of
migration terms given in (a), (b) and (c).
(a) Forced
Voluntary
(b) National
International
(c) Permanent Temporary
Q2. What is meant by the terms ‘refugee’ and
‘economic migrant’?
the movement of people from one
place to another to live
A1. A=people are driven out and forced migration whereas
they choose to move in voluntary migration. B=‘national’
is migration within a country whereas ‘international’ is
moving to another country. C= ‘permanent’ is staying
forever in a new area or country whereas ‘temporary’
means going back home at a later date.
A2. A refugee is a person forced to flee from the country
where they live due to natural disasters (e.g. flood,
drought, volcanic eruption) or human factors (e.g. war).
An economic migrant is someone who moves for work,
such as Mexicans moving to America
Rural-to-urban migration
Q1 Describe some of the push factors of
rural areas in LEDC’s.
Q2 Describe some of the pull factors of
urban areas in LEDCs
The movement of people from the countryside into
cities, most often in LEDCs
A1. shortage of land; not enough food; drought; soil
erosion; lack of services – health, education
A2. Jobs: greater number; more variety; better paid.
More services: electricity; schools; hospitals
Higher standard of loving with more modern facilities.
Urban-to-rural migration
Q1. Name three problems for people living in large
urban areas in MEDC’s.
Q2. Give two examples of urban decay in British cities.
Q3. State two of the attractions of living in a small rural
village in the UK.
Q4. Why do some local people object to city people
moving to their villages?
The movement of people from cities into the
countryside, most often in MEDCs
• A1. poor quality housing, traffic congestion, lack of open
spaces, pollution from transport and visual pollution from old
industries and docklands)
• A2. old, badly maintained terraced houses, derelict land such
as old railway sidings, abandoned factories and warehouses
• A3. peace and quiet, clean air, good appearance, close to
open country side.
• A4. house prices increase, shortage of houses for local
people, no support for village services, traffic increases on
country roads, pressure for new growth.
Hierarchy of settlements
• Q1. Name the rural
settlements shown in
the diagram?
• Q2. Describe what
changes in settlement
size, number of
services and sphere
of influence occur
going up the
hierarchy?
A1. hamlet and village, perhaps a small town with a strong
rural link.
A2. number of services: increase from none in a hamlet, to
perhaps only a shop, pub and church in a village, to
hundreds of shops and services in a large town; cities and
capital cities have additional services such as large
hospitals and airports. Sphere of influence from serving the
local area only (rural settlement) to drawing people from a
large area to shop (urban settlement); for a capital city it is
the whole country.
Urban morphology.
Q1. State the shape
of the urban
model?
Q2. describe and
explain changes in
land use from the
centre to the edge
of the city?
The shape (form) and structure of towns and
cities
A1. Circular urban zones around a central CBD.
A2. Land use changes from being dominated by
business in the centre to residential housing in the
suburbs; then it becomes less built-up in the ruralurban fringe. Cities grow from the centre outwards;
businesses such as shops and offices became more
concentrated in the centre; the centre is surrounded
by places for people to live, with the newest housing
usually near or beyond the city edge.
Urban zones: the central business
district (CBD)
Q1. Describe the main characteristics of the CBD
?
Q2. Why is it often easy to spot the CBD on a photo
of a city?
Q3. Name two land uses that cover larger areas in
other urban zones than they do in the CBD.
Q4. Explain why these land uses are less important
in the CBD.
The zone in the city centre dominated by
shops and services
A1. The largest concentration of offices and shops
including department stores, with the widest variety of
good for sale; the main place of work by day; rushhour traffic congestion; high rents and rates; the point
where main roads meet; the most densely built-u[ ara.
A2. The concentration of skyscrapers and other tall
buildings.
A3. Housing, industries and open spaces.
A4. High demand for land makes it too expensive for
these land uses; rents and rates are too high for them/
Urban zones; inner city.
Q1. State some of the land uses found in the inner-city zone?
Q2. Explain why many inner-city zones are places of urban
decay?
Q3. Name an example of a redeveloped inner-city area.
Q4. Describe some of the changes made during the
redevelopment of inner-city areas.
The old urban zone next to and
surrounding the CBD
A1. Old houses (mainly terraced); factories and warehouses;
derelict/waste land (e.g. railway sidings, old docks); tower
blocks or flats.
A2. many of the houses, factories, warehouses and railways
were built more than 100 years ago when industry was more
important; modern businesses and builders of new houses
prefer locations nearer city edges.
A3. Docklands in London; Albert Dock in Liverpool; or a local
example.
A4. Warehouses converted into luxury flats; docks changed into
marinas; waste land reclaimed for houses and businesses;
this is often called gentrification.
Brownfield sites.
Q1. State three land uses
shown in the photo?
Q2. What shows that this is
a Brownfield site?
Q3. Why is it not a
Greenfield site?
Areas of previously built up land that can
now be reused for building
A1. Blocks of flats; gas holders; old warehouses/factory
buildings; equipment storage; weed-covered waste
land.
A2. It is likely that land in the foreground has been
cleared of buildings and abandoned as derelict; old
factory/warehouses partly bricked up suggests that it
is no longer used and could be knocked down and
land cleared for new buildings.
A3. In wrong location (not rural); inner-city land like this
must have been built on before; greenery is from
weeds, not farmland in the country-side.
Urbanisation
Q1. The graph shows
total world urban
population. Describe
the changes it
shows?
Q2. Give two reasons
for high rates of
urbanisation of
LEDCs?
An increase in the percentage of people
living in urban areas
A1. Total urban population doubles between 1970 and
2010; most of the increase is in LEDCs; the
percentage living in LEDC cities increases from one
half to two thirds of total urban population.
A2. High rates of rural-urban migration due to pushpull factors, with more services and more varied
work available in the big cities than in the
countryside. High rates natural increases of
population with many people of child-bearing age.