Transcript Document

Least developed countries
(LDCs)
Less economically
developed countries
(LEDCs)
North-south divide lineshowing the rich and poor.
Newly industrialising
countries (NICs)
LDCs- These are the poorest countries with the lowest quality
of life.
LEDCs- These are the least economically developed countries.
Middle income countries
(MICs)
NICs- these are rapidly getting richer by moving from primary
to secondary industry.
MICs-These countries are not poor but not rich.
MEDCs- These countries are the most economically developed.
More economically
developed countries
(MEDCs)
Climate
Happiness
Job security
Freedom
Housing
Food/ water
Natural
hazards
(volcanoes)
Family/frien
ds
Health
Education
Poor trade links
Drinking water
Women’s place
Economic
Social
Debt
Child education
Economy based on primary
Limited
water supply
Poor soil
Environmenta
l
Few raw materials
Poor climate
War
Unstable government
Political
Natural hazards
Corrupt governments
Increase/decrease with
development
Social
Economic
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GDP- Gross domestic
product. The total value
of goods and services a
country produces per
year.
GDP per capita- GDP
divide by the total
population.
o
education and birth control.
o
Other
Birth rate- measures female
Death
rate-
measures
o
healthcare and quality of
life.
o
Infant mortality- measures
sanitation and health care.
o
People per doctor- measures
access to health care.
o
Literacy
rate-
measures
education.
o
Access
to
safe
water-
measures sanitation.
o
Life expectancy- measures
access to health care and
quality of life.
o
Calorie
intake-
measures
access to healthy diet.
o
Human
development
indexA
number
calculated
using
life
expectancy, literacy rate,
educational
attainment
and GDP per capita.
Physical quality of life
indexA
number
calculated
using
life
expectancy, literacy rate
and infant mortality rate.
International aid
Official
governmental aid
Multilateral aid
Given by many countries
and paid out by an
international organisation
e.g. UN.
Voluntary aid
Bilateral aid
Given from one
country to another.
The good…..
o
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o
Aid which is long term can help
development.
Overtime the country can become
less reliant on foreign aid.
Aid can help combat poverty.
It can be used to help a boost a
countries economy. For example
money can be used to set up new
industry.
Long-term
Short-term
Given for constant
improvement.
To
help development.
Given to cope with
immediate problems
caused by disasters.
The bad…..
o
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The recipient can become dependent
on the aid.
Some aid may not reach the people
who need it.
Some aid only lasts a short timewill not help development.
Some aid can be tied.
The benefits of aid can take a long
time.
WaterAid is an international NGO
(non-governmental organisation
/charity) that focuses on the
provision of safe domestic water,
sanitation and hygiene education
to the world's poorest people..
WaterAid's vision is of a world
where everyone has access to safe
domestic water and effective
sanitation.
Women spend much of their time searching for
water. Children also spend precious school hours
looking for water at the expense of their
education
Mali’s environment is harsh and deteriorating.
Rainfall levels are already low and falling further.
Poor sanitation means bad health.
Bacteria, viruses and parasites found in
human waste are responsible for the
transmission of cholera, typhoid and
other infectious diseases that kill millions
of people each year. The problem is huge
in both urban and rural areas
In Mali, the water industry is privatised but
often fails to the provide water to rural and
urban aeas.
Wateraid is first
targeting Slums in
Mali’s capital, it wants
to show the government
that projects in slums
are easy to set up and
sustainable.
In Mali, current national figures
indicate that only 50% of the people
have access to clean drinking water
and only 4% of the population have
access to adequate sanitation
facilities (toilets).
Wateraid employs
local people, who
they are training up
to maintain the
system and raise
money to keep it
running.
Then invest in the
community – THIS IS
SUSTAINABLE
Health has now
improved
include
reducing the
deaths from
diarrhoea –
65%
improvement
Education is now
improving, money is
being invested into
the infrastructure
Secondary industry
Primary industry
Economic
o Cheap land as
farming uses
large areas of
land.
o Good
transport
routes to
export.
Tertiary industry
Economic
o A suitable
local market.
o Good
transport
routes.
o Skilled and
educated
workers.
Environmenta
l
o Lots of raw
materials.
o A suitable
climate.
o Good soil.
o
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Environmenta
l
o Close to raw
materials.
o Plenty of
flat land
o A local
water
supply.
Economic
Suitable local
market.
Government
grants given to
encourage set
up.
Lots of
workers.
Good transport
routes.
Quaternary industry
Services
Environmental
o Green open
spaces for a
pleasant
environment.
Social
o Enough local people to
support the service.
Economic
o Near similar
businesses so
that
information
can be shared.
o Skilled and
educated
workers.
Research
and
development.
Environmental
o Green open
spaces for a
pleasant
environment.
Social
o Nice quality housing nearby to
encourage workers to move.
As a country develops they loose their primary industry and begin
to industrialise as the country becomes further developed and the
land too expensive the secondary industry is moved. Any
secondary industry that is left if carried out by machines. Tertiary
industry then has enough money to fully develop.
South East Brazil is
the economic
CORE region of
Brazil, it has
primary,
secondary,
tertiary and
quaternary
industries.
The quality of
life and wages
are higher than
anywhere else
in Brazil
Secondary Industries
It is the centre for foreign and national
investment in manufacturing.
Investment was concentrated her in the
1950s/60s by the Government. Excellent
road and rail links here, as well as the
most ports and airports. Solid pipeline
for oil and gas.
The periphery is just outside the
economic core, where most
people live and some industries
are located
Primary Industries
What influence the primary industries here?
-Warm temperature
-Average rainfall
-Rich soils
GREAT FOR FARMING
Coffee, beef, rice, cacao, sugar cane and fruit are
grown here
MINING
-Large deposits of gold, iron ore, manganese and
bauxite make mining very viable here
-ENERGY
-Oil, gas offshore and hydroelectric power from the
large river ensure energy is produced
-FOREST/LOGGING
-Warm temperatures create the forest
-FISHING
-Off the coast many are employed in fishing and
supplies food for the locals
Tertiary
Sao Paulo is the
largest financial
centre in south
America. Most
headquarters for
Brazil’s banks.
Rio de
Janerio,
Santos, Sao
Paulo major
cities
Quaternary
Centre of research and
development in public &
private sectors. San Jose
Dos Campos is the key area.
The Aerospace Technical
Centre is where space &
aviation is developed &
tested
Car industry is the major activity – Ford,
GM, VW, Fiat and Toyota manufacture
here.
Other production includes clothing, food
, printing and furniture. (Yet decreasing
due to competition in AISA)
Map showing
Brazil’s
regional
Human
Development
Index
Primary
Lots in the west.
They produce coffee, tea,
tobacco and fruits.
The area has good soil
and rainfall.
Tertiary
Strong in the rift valley as
there is lots of National
Parks and lakes.
Primary
Lots in the north east.
They rear livestock such
as cattle.
The area is too hot and
dry to grow crops but
suitable for grazing.
Tertiary
Strong on the coast
because of the beaches.
Secondary
Lots of manufacturers in
Nairobi .
They produce clothes,
food and drink .
The area has good
transport links and a
good labour supply.
Secondary
There are cement works
in the coast.
They use the limestone
from nearby deposits as a
raw material and can then
ship it easily.
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Social effects
More people will die due to
extreme weather events.
Diseases will spread more
quickly due to hotter
weather.
Some areas will become
uninhabitable
due
to
becoming too hot and dry.
Environmental effects
Sea levels will rise as
increasing
temperatures
leads to expanding oceans
and ice melt.
Rising temperatures and
decreased rainfall will turn
some areas into desert.
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Economic effects
More money will need to
be spent on predicting
extreme weather events
in order to reduce their
impacts
as
weather
events are becoming
more extreme.
Industries that helps to
reduce the effects of
climate change
will
become bigger and make
more money.
Political effects
Water will become
scarce and competition
could lead to war.
Governments are under
pressure to come up
with ways to reduce the
effects.
Global warming is caused by the
enhancement of the greenhouse effect.
This is done by creating a layer of
greenhouse gases which trap the
outgoing heat. Greenhouse gases:
 Cows (farming)- releasing methane
 Cutting down trees (forestry)releasing carbon dioxide
 Cars- creating more carbon dioxide
 Industry- creating more carbon
dioxide
Kyoto Protocol
o Most countries are part
of this world agreement
to cut greenhouse gas
emissions.
o Each country is set a
target.
o Countries
can
trade
carbon credits- countries
meeting their target can
sell spare credits to
countries who are not.
o Countries
can
earn
credits by helping poor
countries reducing their
emissions.
Transport strategies
o Governments can improve
public transport. For
example they can make
people want to use them
by making them faster and
cheaper- reducing the cars
on the roads.
Taxation
o Governments can increase
taxes on cars with high
emissionsencouraging
people not to drive.
Congestion charging
o Local authorities can charge people for driving
cars into cities during busy periods.
Recycling
o Local authorities can recycle waste material by
building recycling plants and giving people
recycling bins.
Conserving energy
o Local authorities give money and advice to make
homes more energy efficient. If people use less
energy, less energy is produced which uses carbon
dioxide.
‘The increasing interconnectedness of countries
economically, socially and culturally’.
Err what does that mean…well it just means that we are not
more linked with other countries and their cultures.
Multi-national companies- they sell
and produce products all over the
world.
They therefore increase globalisation
by linking countries together
through production and sale of
goods.
ICT- Improvements in email, internet,
mobile phones and phone lines.
This means that it is now quicker and easier
for businesses to communicate all over the
world.
Causes
Transport- Improvements in airports,
trains and larger ships.
This has made is quicker and easier for
people to communicate face to face.
It has allowed businesses to distribute
their products all over the world.
Their effects on economic development….
 They create jobs. The workers pay tax which increases the wealth of the area and the local people.
 Taxes are used to improve infrastructure. This attracts other MNCs creating even more jobs.
 MNCs are often located in LEDCs because of cheap labour, which means that they make a profit.
 MNC headquarters and research centres are usually located in MEDCs, because of skilled labour.
Their general positive effects…………….
 MNC’s create jobs where they are located. This can lead to more jobs through the multiplier effect.
 They create some skilled jobs in LEDCs. This encourages more education and training.
 Workers can get higher wages and more reliable incomes compared to farming.
 MNCs spend money on infrastructure, this helps to develop the country.
 Local companies supply the MNCs with their resources therefore increasing their income.
…………………………..and the negative
The jobs created
are not always
secure.
Employees may have to
work long hours in
poor conditions.
May be paid
lower than
MEDCs
Local
companies
struggle.
Profits go back to
MNCs origin
country.
Large sites
create pollution
Nike s the world's leading supplier of sports
footwear and equipment. The company was
founded in 1972. The company name comes
from the Greek word for 'victory'. Nike does
not make any shoes or clothes itself but
contracts out to factories in LEDCs.
These subcontracted companies
then act on their own and resubcontract their
operations in other Asian
countries that give low wages and
have no employment laws. E.g.
Vietnam, The Philippines and
Indonesia
The average pay at a
Nike factory close in
Vietnam is $54 a
month, 3x higher than
other jobs.
In 1998 Nike changed the
minimum age requirements
to 17 yrs
Negatives of Nike
- Sweatshops
- Child labour.
- Hazardous working
conditions
- Below subsistence wages.
Measures taken by Nike,
Code of conduct.
Decommissioning.
Auditing tools and
task force.
The numbers…
Yearly revenue of $19.2 billion (2009).
Products in 140 countries.
Contracts to 700 factories in 45 countries.
Employing 800.000 people in the supply chain.
Children as young as
10 making shoes,
clothing and footballs
in Pakistan and
Cambodia
Nike have hired independent auditors to make sure
that the company subcontractors are living up to
Nike’s code of conduct.
The Pearl Delta is in the Republic of China
in the low-lying area surrounding the
Pearl River estuary where the Pearl River
flows into the South China Sea. It is one of
the most densely urbanised regions in
the world and one of the main hubs of
China's economic growth.
Much of the area is frequently
covered with a brown smog. This
has a strong effect on the pollution
levels in the delta.
In October 2009, Greenpeace released a report, "Poisoning
the Pearl River" that detailed the results of a study it
conducted. All samples they took contained hazardous
properties including heavy metals such as beryllium,
copper and manganese. These substances are associated with a
long list of health problems such as cancer, endocrine disruption,
renal failure and damage to the nervous system as well being known
to harm the environment.
The Pearl River Delta is notoriously
polluted, with sewage and industrial
waste. (Treatment facilities are failing to
keep up with the growing population).
The Pearl River Delta has become the
world's workshop and is a major
manufacturing base for products such as
electronic products (such as watches and
clocks), toys, garments and textiles,
plastic products, and a range of other
goods.
Nearly five percent of the
world's goods were
produced in the Greater
Pearl River Delta in 2001.
Over 70,000 Hong Kong
companies have plants
there.
In 2007, the World Bank approved a $96 million loan to the
Chinese government to reduce water pollution in the Pearl
River Delta. 7.1 billion was spent on the river by mid 2010 to
clean up the river's sewage problems. The city will build about
30 water treatment plants, which will treat 2.25 million tonnes
of water per day. The program hopes to cut down the amount
of sewage in the area by 85%,
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MEDC
Globalisation
has
caused
industry to move out of MEDCs
because labour is cheaper.
MEDCs have developed their
tertiary
and
quaternary
industries- increasing the gap
between the rich and the poor.
Improve peoples quality of life
especially in LEDCs.
Increased trade brings in more
money and jobs.
Loss of culture.
Expose to other cultures.
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LEDCs and NICs
Globalisation
has
caused
industry to move to these
countries
MNCs create jobs which has
brought wealth to some peoplewhich increases the gap between
the rich and the poor.
Carbon emissions- transporting
goods around the world,
increases global warming.
Waste-people have access to
more products.
Deforestation- cleared forests to
make way for crops.
Oil pollution- products being
transported by ship.