Transcript Slide 1

ARCHITECTURE HISTORY
Arch.ENG.Shireen Abdelrahman
‫‪INTRODUCTION‬‬
‫تاريــخ العمـــارة‬
‫االهرامـــــــات‬
‫‪PERAMIDS‬‬
‫احد عجايب الدنيا السبع‬
‫االهرامـــــــات‬
PERAMIDS
The first and largest pyramid was built for Khufu (Cheops)147m
The second largest pyramid was built for Khufu's son,
Khafra Chephren). guarded by a huge sphinx- 136m
Finally, the third largest pyramid was built for the Menkaure
(Mycerinus -(62m
They are one of the remains world wonders
4. Pyramids of Giza
The Pyramids of Giza are the most famous and massive stone
structures monuments of ancient Egypt. These were built In the
fourth dynasty, around 4500 years ago on a rocky desert plateau
close to the Nile.
Their design was based on the pyramids that had been built
before. And they constructed out of stones and covered with white
limestone
The mysteries surrounding their symbolism, design and purpose
have inspired passionate debate and will never be solved.
The first and largest pyramid was built for the pharaoh Khufu
(Cheop)
The second largest pyramid was built for Khufu's son, Khafra
(Chephren). In addition to the usual parts of a pyramid complex,
Khafra's pyramid is guarded by a huge sphinx
Finally, the third largest pyramid was built for the pharaoh Menkaure
(Mycerinus)
pyramids of Giza
Six of the ten pyramids at Giza. The Furthest one is the Great Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops),
middle is the pyramid of Khafra (Chephren), and the closest large one is that of Menkara
Mycerinus.
A. Great pyramid of Giza
Great Pyramid of Khufu was built in about 2600 B.C. It is a
huge structure built from over two million blocks of stone. To
find out the height, area and weight of the Great Pyramid, just
follow the instructions in this challenge .
At about 460 ft high, and 13 acres in space, the pyramid of
Khufu (Cheops) uses around two million blocks of granite
that were carried from southern Egypt (500 miles away). It is
said to have taken 20 years to build. All pyramids at Giza are
said to have been built between 2700-2500 BC
• Khufu
abbreviation of khanom y f y or god khanom
protect me and khufu stay 23 years as a king
•Although the big size of the pyramid nothing refer to khufu
except some written text by one of the labours in red ink at
the third room over the king chamber said (the 17th year of
khufu king throne
The area of the pyramid is 13 acre and the height 146m
consist of 210 layers and the base length is 230m and the
weight of the stones range between 1-8 tons and the angle
is 50-51 degree
The first layers build around mountains which is the heart
of the peramid and save a lot of stones for building
the main entrance at 16.8m direct to the north
What was found in the pyramid was a small status 7.5cm for
khufu because the king prevent status ‫التماثيل‬at that time.
•The pyramid hide many stories like it hide the life secret, it
was connected with the lost atlantis and even it considered
aclear examples of the pharoahs engineering, calculus,
administration and astrologist
The main entrance has triangular shape for loading
distribution and the existing entrance opened by khalifa
Maamoun using dynamite to search the assets
the status was found without the
head and it takes the archeologists
14 days filtering the sand to find it
The only found status of khufu
The main entrance and the present used entrance
Great pyramid of Giza
Great pyramid of Giza
The Great Pyramid of Khufu (on the right) had a smooth outer layer. This
layer eroded over the centuries, or was vandalized,
The pyramid of Khafra still has some of the original outer layer
which you can see in the above and below pictures.
The "smallest of the biggest", the pyramid of Menkara is small enough
to be cute, yet big enough to be majestic.
The pharaoh Khufu, like the pharaohs before him, began
planning his 'house of eternity 'as soon as he took the throne.
A spot was chosen for building on the west bank of the Nile .
Cemeteries were usually built on the west bank because the
sun 'died' on the western horizon every night .
Khufu's architects were wise and experienced men. They knew
the importance of building the pharaoh's final resting place so
that its sides faced directly north, south, east and west .
They planned a large pyramid- the largest one ever built in
ancient Egypt. The outlines of the pyramid were measured and
marked in the desert sand .
Then the building began. Large blocks of stone were cut from
quarries nearby. They were dragged by groups of men across
the desert to the site of the pyramid and set in place. Most of
the workers were farmers who worked on building the
pyramid during the flood season when their fields were under
water .
After the first level of blocks was in place, the workers built
ramps of mud-brick, limestone chips and clay. The workers
dragged the large stones up the ramps to build the next level
of the pyramid
According to herodet, presets and stories For about 20
years for the Pyramid and 10 years for the paths and the
annexes building, hundreds of men worked on building the
pyramid. As they built each level, they also built up the
ramps around the pyramid .
‫فكرة الطريق الرملى التي استخدمت لبناء االهرامات‬
When the pyramid was almost finished, a special block
covered in shining metal (either gold or electrum was placed on
the top of the pyramid .
Then, blocks of white limestone from quarries across the Nile
were used to cover the pyramid. The blocks were trimmed to
make the outside of the pyramid smooth
.Finally, the pyramid was finished .
The pyramid stones cut out from the surrounding and the
covering stones from Torrah mountain and the Granite from
Aswan
The stone was cut and separated by digging holes at equal
short distances then digging timber slides in the holes
knocking on them and dredging water on the timber which
increasing the size and knocking again till separation happened
and then smoothen the stones using granite or diorite
Khufu's pyramid was only part of the complex built for him at
Giza .The complex had many different parts :
1. Three pyramids for Khufu's queens .
2. Several deep pits containing boats that had been buried .
3. A mortuary temple where Khufu would be worshipped after
he died .
4. A causeway leading from the pyramid complex down to the
valley temple .
5. A valley temple where the pharaoh's funeral would begin .
6. A small' satellite pyramid .
7. The mastaba tombs of nobles .
‫برديات توضح حسابات و تصميم رسومات للهرم من الدوله الوسطى‬
A. Outside the pyramid
Outside the pyramid
The Great Pyramid was part of a complex that included a
special walkway, two temples, other pyramids, boat pits and
the mastabas of nobles .
Complex :A group of buildings that are connected in some
way; Complicated.
1. Top block (pyramidion)
At the very top of the pyramid there would have been a block of
stone in the shape of a pyramid. This block was probably
covered with a thin sheet of either gold ,electrum or some other
metal that would reflect the rays of the sun .
1. Top block (pyramidion)
2. Valley temple
At the end of the cause way was the valley temple. Some
experts believe that the valley temple was where the
pharaoh's funeral began.
None of this building survives today. But archaeologists
believe that there was once a valley temple because other
pyramids had them
Causeway :A paved pathway.
4. Valley Temple Causeway
4. Valley Temple Causeway
3. Boat pits
Next to the pyramid there are several boat pits. Some experts
believe that the boats buried in these pits represented the
bark that the pharaoh would travel in after he died. Others
believe that these boats were actually used in Khufu's
funeral procession across the Nile .
A few years ago a large wooden boat was found inside one of
these pits. The ancient Egyptians had taken the boat apart
and carefully placed it in the pit. A modern Egyptian restorer
was able to put the pieces of the boat back together. The
complete boat is now on display in its own museum at the
base of the pyramid .
3. Boat pits
Sun Boats
 The majestic huge boat made of rice wood discovered in
1945 used for mortuary furniture of the king
 At the head there is an umbrella cover the middle part and
the rear contain the main room look like a roof stand over
palm tree columns
 The boat dimensions are 43.3m long, 5.90m width, and 5m
to 7m height
 The boat has columns, risers, followings
 Five pits were carved for the boats near khufu pyramid
Boat museum at the base of Khufu's pyramid
Boat pit near khufu pyramid
Boat museum at the base of Khufu's pyramid
4. Valley Temple Causeway
The causeway was a long walkway that joined the valley
temple and the mortuary temple .
Although most of Khufu's causeway is now gone, some of
the blocks that made up the causeway can still be seen
today. The causeway would have had walls decorated with
painted reliefs and perhaps a ceiling with painted stars.
4. Valley Temple Causeway
5.Satellite pyramid
A small satellite pyramid was built near the queens' pyramids.
Some experts believe that this may have been built as a
symbolic tomb for Khufu's spirit)
Satellite: Something that is connected with, but not attached
to, something larger.
5.Satellite pyramid
6. Mastaba
An Arabic word meaning 'bench' that is commonly used to
describe an early ancient Egyptian tomb. Mastabas have an
underground burial chamber and an above ground offering
chapel .These chapels look like the benches found outside
some modern Egyptian homes, thus the word 'mastaba' is
used to describe them .
Surrounding the pyramid there are several hundred mastaba
tombs of nobles. The nobles wanted to be buried close to
their pharaoh so that they would stay close to him in the
next life
6. Mastabas
Mastabas Tombs around the Pyramids
7. Queens' pyramids
Three small pyramids were built on the eastern side of
the pyramid. These pyramids were built for Khufu's
queens .
7. Queens' pyramids
Two Queens' pyramids
Inside one of the queens' pyramids, the tombs are very elaborate in design .
8. Mortuary temple
Next to the great pyramid there was a mortuary temple for
offerings and daily rituals were carried out for the king .
The only part of this temple that survives today is the floor .
Archaeologists have made educated guesses about what the
temple might have looked like from studying the floor, and
looking at other ancient Egyptian mortuary temples .
8. Mortuary temple
This lintel is from the tomb of a priest who worked in one of
the temples in Khufu's pyramid complex.
lintel from the tomb of a priest
9. Casing block
When the pyramid was almost finished, casing blocks of
white limestone were laid on top of the main pyramid blocks.
Each casing block was then trimmed so that the outer
surface of the pyramid would be smooth and white .
The casing blocks from the Great Pyramid were all removed
in the 14th and 15th centuries A.D. and used to build the city
of Cairo. Some casing blocks still remain on the top of the
pyramid of Khafra.
Casing block from the Great Pyramid
Casing blocks at the top of Khafra's pyramid
B. Inside the pyramid
B. Inside the pyramid
B. Inside the pyramid
1. King's chamber
This was the burial chamber of the pharaoh Khufu. The room
sarcophagus is now completely empty except for the granite
in the corner. Khufu's mummy and all of his funerary goods
for the next life were probably taken out of the pyramid by
ancient tomb robbers after Khufu was buried there.
Sarcophagus :A large stone or wood box in which coffins were
placed for burial.
1. King's chamber
‫حجرات الدفن داخل الهرم‬
The King's Chamber in the heart of the Great Pyramid holds the now empty stone
sarcophagus. This stark room is walled by huge granite blocks.
2. Chambers above King's chamber
Above the king's chamber there were five rough chambers.
These chambers helped to shift the weight of the heavy
stones at the top of the pyramid off the inner chambers .
The names of two groups of workmen who built the
pyramid are written on the walls in one of these chambers .
2. Chambers above King's chamber
‫تصميم حجره الدفن و فوقها حجرات لتخفيف الثقل على حجره الدفن‬
‫السقف المثلث الشكل للحجرة الخامسة فوق حجره الدفن‬
3. Grand gallery
This passageway is called the grand gallery. It leads from
the ascending passage to the king's chamber. The ceiling in
this passageway is almost nine meters high.
3. Grand Gallery
3. Grand Gallery
Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid drawn in 1799
4. Underground chamber
This room under the great pyramid is a mystery. Some people
believe that this room was left unfinished for religious
reasons. Others believe that it was originally meant to be the
burial chamber of Khufu, but that the architects changed their
minds. Finally, some people believe that this room was built
to fool tomb robbers and lead them away from the real burial
chamber .
4. Underground chamber
5. Queen's chamber
This chamber is commonly known as the 'Queen's chamber'.
However, it was never meant to be the burial chamber for a
queen. Khufu's queens had their own separate pyramids
built nearby .This chamber may have been built as a room to
hold Khufu's funerary objects
This copper tool and pounding stone were found in one of
the air shafts off the 'Queen's chamber .'
5. Queen's chamber
`
4. Queen's chamber
6. Ascending passage
 From an entrance just above the base of the Great
Pyramid, a cramped Ascending Passage climbs for 36
meters up through the solid stone core to a towering Grand
Gallery. This climbs another 46 meters to reach the King's
Chamber and the now empty
 This ascending passageway leads from the entrance of
the pyramid up to the grand gallery. It is only about one
meter wide and a little over one meter tall.
 The point where this passage meets the descending
passage was plugged up with large stone blocks by the
ancient Egyptians to discourage tomb robbers.
6. Ascending passage
‫المدخل الرئيسى للهرم األكبر و أسفله المدخل الحالى‪.‬‬
6. Ascending passage
7. Descending passage
This descending passageway leads from the entrance of the
pyramid down to the unfinished chamber below the pyramid.
It is about twenty-nine meters long .
Descending : Moving down; going down.
7. Descending passage
8. Connecting passage
This passage allowed workers to get out of the
pyramid after large blocks of stone were lowered to
block the ascending passage .
8. Connecting passage
9. South pointing air shafts
These small shafts extend out from the rooms in the pyramid
to the outer surface of the pyramid. Some experts believe
that they were built to provide ventilation for the people
working inside the pyramid while it was being built. Other
experts believe that these shafts had a religious purpose
because they are directed towards certain stars .
This air shaft points towards the constellation of Orion. The
ancient Egyptians associated Orion with their god Osiris .
Constellation : A group of stars
9. South air shafts
10. North pointing air shafts
These small shafts extend out from the rooms in the pyramid
to the outer surface of the pyramid. Some experts believe that
they were built to provide ventilation for the people working
inside the pyramid while it was being built. Other experts
believe that these shafts had a religious purpose because
they are directed towards certain stars .
This air shaft is directed towards the northern polar stars .
10. North air shafts
Giza Pyramids General Characteristics
The three great pyramids and six small pyramids are
situated on the left bank of the Nile in Cairo.
The pyramids earlier than Giza are Step pyramid of King
Zoser in Saqqara (early III Dynasty), Step pyramid in
Medum (III-IV Dynasty), the pyramid in Dahshur (IV
Dynasty) and others IV Dynasty; 2545-2450 B.C
The Pyramid of Cheops is 230.364m square at base,
137.18m height (originally 146m) and the incline is 51.52
degree.
The Pyramid of Chephren is 215.25m square at base,
136.5m height (originally 143.5m)and the incline is 53.20
degree.
The Pyramid of Mycerinus is 108.5m square at base,
66.5m height and the incline is 51 degree.
The Pyramid of Cheops, Chephren and Mycerinus from left to right
Remarkable Characteristic of Pyramid Construction
1. Its strictness of the geometrical measurement and
construction.
2. Each face is exactly direct the four cardinal points.
3. The differences of the length of four base sides are 111mm
maximum and 7mm minimum or 1:4000.
4. The maximum difference of the level of base is only 21mm.
5. The separated distances between two stones not more than
0.5 mm
Giza Pyramids- Khafra- Chephren Pyramid
Khafra-ra shining and priests called it Wr-Khafra –
great khafra and his pyramid is an example of the
complete construction of the pyramid complex
The main height was 143.5m now 136.5m
The base sides 215.25m and the angle 53.10 degree
It was constructed over the famous Hill of Giza 10m
above the base of khufu pyramid which seem for the
viewer that the two pyramids have the same heights
There are two entrances for the pyramid ad two
descending at the northern side the first lead to the
fineries and the other is 16m above the first
The base parts still covered with granite stones and head
also still maintain the covering limestone but the other parts
were dropped and the
Khafra finery box mad of gray granite and half of it
covered with thick layer
King Chephren tried to cast his pyramid with granite
blocks but he died before achieving his goal. One third of
the castcan still be seen at its summit.
The Valley temple of King Chephren is located at the
400m east from the veneration temple in the pyramid
complex. Both temples are joined by the covered passage
•
The pyramid of Chephren, Sphinx and the pyramid of Mycerinus.
·
The Pyramid of Cheops and Chephren from left to right
The Pyramid of Chephren from the Valley Temple through dromos.
The Valley temple of King Chephren. South half of T-shaped hypostyle hall
The Pyramid of Chephren
The Pyramid of Chephren
Inside Chephren Pyramid and the Funerary Box
Beside the pyramid, the mortuary temple and the
500m length and 13m height descending passage
lead to the valley temple covered with granite
Remainance of Chephren Pyramid Mortuary Temple
Remainance of Chephren Pyramid valley Temple
Inside Chephren Pyramid valley Temple
The king guests in the valley temple during the
construction and after he died it used for visitors
Khafra status is copied at the Egyptian
currencies 10 liras
Inside the temple there is water well thought
that for willing by dropping currencies
‫شكل أشعه الشمس من بين السحاب‬
Sunset behind the Pyramid of Khafre
Giza Pyramids- Mycerinus Pyramid
The pyramid is the smallest and the name means (forever
Ra souls) and it was completed by king cheps ses kaf.
The Pyramid of Mycerinus is 108.5m square at base,
66.5m height and the incline is 51 degree.
Due to cut out some stones the base now is
102.2x104.6m and the height 62m.
The first 16 layers covered with granite.
The funerary room cut in the rock down the pyramid and
can be reached through the northern entrance.
The funerary room closed with 3 granite stones
dropped through vertical openings in the walls.
The interior room used as storage while the other
covered with sloping roof used for funerary box of
Menkaw ra which made of basalt
Now laid at the ground pesky Gulf and the cover
which is status of Menkaw ra at the British Museum
in London
5. Great Sphinx
The Great Sphinx is a large human-headed lion that was
carved from a mound of natural rock. It is located in Giza where
it guards the front of Khafra's pyramid .
The name comes from BA Hol the place of the lion or from
hereon Canaanites god and sphinx is Greek name.
Sphinx (Aboul Hul or Jadaf-ra ) has the head of King
Chephren and a lion body. It is 20m high and 73m long. The
face is 4m width.
Legends have been told for many years about the Great
Sphinx. These stories tell about the powers and mysteries of
this sphinx. Some people even believe that there are hidden
passageways or rooms underneath the Great Sphinx, but
nothing has been found yet
The beginning of one story about the Great Sphinx is
written on a stele between the sphinx's paws (The dream
Stele)
The story reads that one day, a young prince fell asleep
next to the Great Sphinx. He had been hunting all day, and
was very tired. He dreamt that the Great Sphinx promised that
he would become the ruler of Upper and Lower Egypt if he
cleared away the sand covering its body (the Great Sphinx
was covered up to its neck)
The rest of the story is gone. This stele was put up by the
pharaoh Thutmosis IV who lived around 1400 B.C.
The beard was added during the New Kingdom hundreds of
years after the Great Sphinx was first carved.
Nose, beard, and the Kobra which was over the head were
lost and now parts of the beard situated in the Egyptian
museum while other parts at British museum
It is 73.5m tall and 20m and it covered with small lime
stones for maintenance but it was replaced afterward
When Napoleon came to said to his solders you are
standing in front of 4000 years looking for your victory and
when he back he destroyed the nose
Some stories said that Saeim Al-Ddaher Mamlouk religious
man who destroyed the nose as it forbidden to worshiping
Assnam
Sphinx. The view from the Valley Temple of King Chephren
·
The head of the Sphinx
The Great Sphinx.
The Sphinx and Great Pyramid of Khufu at Giza.
part of the beard of the Great Sphinx.
The Stele of the Great Sphinx.
‫لوحه الحلم بين قدمى أبو الهول‬
‫الحمله الفرنسيه و أبو الهول‬
· The Pyramid of Chephren eastside and Sphinx.
Pyramid Construction Process
• The pharaohs use the sand road for the pyramids
construction where the stones laid at a wooden ski over palm
trees columns used as escalators and pulled by cows with
ropes and spreading water on sand to assist the cows
• The sand spring surround the pyramid till the head and start
emitting the sand after covering the construction with the
white limestone
• Each 1m height used 10m long which mean the length of
the sand road is 1.5km
•About 100,000 labor used in construction and they construct
villages for them near the pyramids
•Mohammed Ali the controller use some of the pyramids
stones in the construction of Al-kanater El-Kheiriyah and
some others stones used in Islamic buildings in Cairo like
mosques
Floor plan of King Sahure's pyramid
1. Landing stages where boats docked
2. Mortuary temple with date-palm columns
3. Causeway
4. Entrance hall
5. Open court
6. Small chamber containing five statue
niches
7. Sanctuary and five rooms
8. Corridor and burial chamber
9. Subsidiary pyramid court
The Village of the Pyramid Builders