Transcript Slide 1
Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Infrastructure Development: A Regional Perspective Session on Planning & Policy Rita Nangia Asian Development Bank The views expressed here are those of the presenter and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Directors, or the governments they represent. Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Session Description • The session covers: Cross-border initiatives in Asia Important challenges and opportunities facing the GMS region Examples of well-known initiatives Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Overview of the Session • Asian Highway Network • Mekong river • GMS power trading Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Asian Highway Network • UNESCAP as lead agency Helping address the region’s transport needs Conceived in 1959 To promote regional cooperation and trade Becoming an integrated, international transport system Provides transport to all • Criteria for identification of routes Maximize use of the existing networks Capital to capital links Industrial and agricultural centers Sea, river and air ports Container terminals & depots Tourism attractions Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Formalization of Asian Highway • Intergovernmental agreement Seoul Ministerial Declaration, 17 November 2001 1st Regional drafting meeting,11-12 November 2002 Subregional seminars to review draft Intergovernmental meeting adopts on 18 November 2003 Open for signature at 60th session of UNESCAP Commission (26 April 2004, Shanghai) Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Formalization of Asian Highway (continued) • Contracting parties Adopt AH network Negotiating procedures Conform to AH design standards Display AH signs • Working group on the Asian Highway Provides negotiating forum Source: UNESCAP Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Conformity to Asian Highway Standard Class I - 8% 11,000 km Class II - 30% 42,900 km Class III 29% 41,600 km Primary - 14% 19,600 km Below III 17% 23,700 km Unreported 2% 2,700 km Source: UNESCAP, Presentation on Asian Highway Projects Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Investment Costs - Asian Highway Priority Projects Kilometers of road covered Cost in US $ millions South East Asia 3,569 4,638 North East Asia 6,546 3,235 Central & South West Asia 12,038 7,301 South Asia 3,434 2,251 Total 25,587 17,425 Countries covered: South East Asia = Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Philippines, Viet Nam North East Asia = PRC, Mongolia, Russian Federation Central & South West Asia = Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan South Asia = Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka Source: Asian Highway Network, UNESCAP Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit To Europe To East Asia and beyond Source: UNESCAP Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Trans-Asian Railway • Formalization of TAR network Focus on collaboration and combined transport • Demonstration runs of container block trains along the TAR Northern Corridor Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit To Europe Source: UNESCAP Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Future Collaboration on AHN • Asian Highway/Trans-Asian Railway • Intermodal connections • Harmonization of facilitation agreements • Trade/transport facilitation committees • Forecasting traffic demands Data collection/sharing Identification of bottlenecks Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IMPROVED MEKONG NAVIGATION Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Mekong Navigation • The countries of the Mekong are increasingly inter-dependent in terms of trade, economic development and political cooperation. Regional initiatives for cooperation in economic development in the Greater Mekong Basin: ADB sponsored Greater Mekong Sub-region (GMS) initiative; Programs under ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations) Mekong River Commission (members: Cambodia, Lao PDR, Thailand and Viet Nam) • Bilaterally, China is an important economic partner for all the Lower Mekong countries Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Mekong River Commission • According to the 1995 Agreement, MRC’s role is to promote “Cooperation in all fields of sustainable development, utilisation, management and conservation of water and related resources of the Basin.” • The population in the basin is growing rapidly, at 2% per year. It will increase from 73 million at present to 120 million in 2025. Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Mekong River Commission Article 9: Freedom of Navigation • “ On the basis of equality of right, freedom of navigation shall be accorded throughout the mainstream of the Mekong river without regard to the territorial boundaries, …” • “ The Mekong river shall be kept free from obstructions, measures, conduct and actions that might directly or indirectly impair navigability, interfere with this right or permanently make it more difficult.” Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Energy Efficiency and Pollution • Distance in miles to move 1 ton of freight with 1 liter of fuel and pollution in terms of CO2 21 km 207 g t/km 71 km 41 g t/km 182 km 42 g t/km (Source: 3rd World Water Forum – Water and Transport, MTS, US Department of Transportation Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit New Trends • In 2000, the Governments of China, Lao PDR, Myanmar, and Thailand have signed an agreement for commercial navigation for the stretch between Simao (China) and Luang Prabang (Lao PDR) Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit CHINA MYANMAR MYANMAR Simao Jing Hong VIET NAM Boten Muang Xai Tachilek Chian Saen LAO PDR Houay Say Chiang Khong Chiang Rai THAILAND Pak Beng Louang Prabang Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Challenges to Enhanced Mekong River Navigation • Physical and non-physical impediments for regional trade • Lack of awareness of potential and possibilities • No regional transport planning In cases, no national planning Poor regional navigation agreements - no frameworks • Limited human capacity for water resource planning • Training provided only in Vietnam Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Challenges to Enhanced Mekong River Navigation (continued) • No safety regulations either - more than 3400 lives lost in last ten years • Need simultaneous work on safety regulations, legal framework and environmental regulations • Large investments needed Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Building the Mekong Power Market Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Regional Power Market • Through power trade, GMS countries will be able to: Reduce investments in power reserves to meet peak demand Achieve more reliable supply Reduce operating costs Reduced Increase greenhouse gas emission and pollutants consumer access to the cheapest power sources available Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Current Physical Status • Big disparity in the size countries’ markets. • Four countries (PRC, Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar) have transmission systems that interconnect most of their internal demand centres. Two countries currently have no nationwide transmission systems (Lao PDR and Cambodia). Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Current Physical Status (continued) • Three countries (Myanmar, Lao PDR and Cambodia) have internal demand levels that do not allow for the development of large-scale generation projects that are only based on internal load. Therefore the possibilities of obtaining energy at low (competitive) prices are linked to cross-border trading. • Constraints to develop new hydro power in Thailand and there is a growing concern that natural gas reserves are not sufficient to satisfy future load growth. Coal resources are also limited to lignite, which has historically been associated with significant environmental problems. Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Current Regulatory Status • Power sector structures: All GMS countries are organized wherein there is a single buyer (implicit or explicit) in their generation and transmission activities. • Transmission ownership: The single buyer is usually the Transmission Facilities Owner (TFO), which operates and maintains the national transmission network. • Independent power producers: All GMS countries allow for the development of stand-alone privately owned IPPs. • No direct sale to large consumers: possible exception of PRC and some industrial zones within Thailand. • Centralized government power sector planning Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Current Regulatory Status (continued) • IPP framework through power purchase agreements • International transmission interconnectors: Construction of international transmission lines also requires case-bycase negotiations between the governments and domestic TFO and single buyer of the GMS countries. • Absence of transmission access regime • Formal regulatory regimes: There are therefore no formal legal and regulatory frameworks for the power sectors in the GMS countries. • No congestion management Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Institutional Arrangements • Providing the policy and institutional framework to promote opportunities for extended cooperation in power trade • Developing the grid interconnection infrastructure through a building block approach allowing cross-border dispatch of power • Undertaken through: Electric Power Forum (EPF) Experts Group on Power Interconnection and Trade (EGP) Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Stages of the GMS Power Market Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Cross-Border Transmission Country to Country Regional Network: Limited Capacity Regional Network: Higher Cap. Fully Functional Regional Network International Experience Argentina- Brazil Central America/ South Africa Continental Europe Central America by 2007 RPTOA Share of Limited Benefits Share of Benefits Limited Competition Full Competition Operation Security Coordination InterTSO Regional Coordination by RTC Regional Coordinated Operation Integrated Operation Regulator Consensus Extended Consensus Limited Independent Regulator Independent Regulator Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Next Steps: ADB Technical Assistance for Regional Power Trade Coordination and Development • Develop action plan on regional power trade (2005-2006) • Create institutions for initial stages of power trade (2005-2007) • Undertake capacity building / human resource development (2005-2007) • Develop platform and database for information exchange and communication (2006-2007) Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Possible Regional Master Plan on Power Interconnection • “Blocks” of power interconnection lines that can stand on their own merits Source: ADB Regional Indicative Master Plan on Power Interconnection in the GMS • Phased cross-border connections to meet power demand forecasts and generation system planning scenarios Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Financing GMS Grid Interconnection Infrastructure: A Challenge • Investment need Grid interconnections - part of overall infrastructure requirements of the GMS GMS power infrastructure investment need - $10-15 billion over next 5-10 years • Financing sources Government budget - not sufficient Multilaterals and bilateral - for high priority projects; include policy advice, capacity building, and guarantees Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Financing GMS Grid Interconnection Infrastructure: A Challenge (continued) • Financing sources Private sector (developers and lenders) - can fill the financing gap and provide technology and management • Environment conducive to private sector participation Enabling policy, legal and regulatory frameworks Transparency and predictability Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit ADB & Regional Cooperation • Honest broker - bringing together various countries and getting involved in a neutral way • Technical advisor - providing knowledge and expertise to ensure effective implementation of projects • Financier - providing loans and technical assistance for high priority projects • Coordinator - facilitating the involvement of other development partners Cross-Border Infrastructure: A Toolkit Key Messages • Borders can divide or expand opportunities. Overall outcomes depend on the ability of the leadership of the region to overcome challenges and enable communities to gain from the economic expansion through cross-border infrastructure • GMS experience and vision of three Cs: about greater connectivity to enhance competitiveness that will help build a prosperous, cohesive community.