Transcript Document
Classroom Systems
School-wide PBIS
CHRIS BORGMEIER, PHD
P O RT L A N D S TAT E U N I V E R S I T Y
[email protected]
W W W. P B I S C L A S S R O O M S Y S T E M S . P B W O R K S . C O M
School-wide Positive
Behavior Support
Systems
Classroom
Setting Systems
School-wide
Systems
Non-example Action Plan Strategies
- Purchase & distribute classroom management
curriculum/book
- Discuss at faculty meeting
- Bring in CM expert for next month’s ½ day inservice
- Observe in effective classroom
- Observe & give feedback
What is likelihood of change in teacher practice?
(Sugai, 2006)
Example Action Plan Strategies
+ Build on SW System
+ Use school-wide leadership team
+ Use data to justify
+ Adopt evidence based practice
+ Teach/practice to fluency/automaticity
+
Ensure accurate implementation 1st
time
+
Regular review & active practice
+ Monitor implementation continuously
+
Acknowledge improvements
(Sugai, 2006)
Classroom Systems
Building Capacity v. One Shot Support
Build systems to support sustained use of
effective practices
SW leadership team
Regular data review
Regular individual & school action planning
Regular support & review
To begin school year & throughout school year
Behavioral Expectations
EXTENDING PBIS INTO
THE CLASSROOM
Defining Behavioral Expectations &
Classroom Routines
Link classroom to school-wide expectations
What are Classroom Routines?
How to:
Enter the classroom
Sharpen pencil
Turn in homework
Get a pass
Ask for help
Participating in Class - Raise hand & wait to be called on
Completing a Classroom Matrix w/ Routines
See pp. 2-3 in packet
Example Classroom Matrix
Teaching Behavioral Expectations &
Routines
Extending SW-PBS logic into the classroom when
Explicitly teaching expected behavior in setting w/
student practice
See Sample Lesson Plan (pp. 4-5 in packet)
Link classroom to school-wide Schedule for
Teaching of Expectations & Routines
Teaching Behaviors & Routines
Tell/model/explain
Guide
practice
Monitor & assess
Give positive feedback
Give corrective feedback – initial focus on
prompting expected behavior
Prompt/Precorrect for Expected Behavior
Frequent Teaching & Review until class is
fluent
Video Demonstration of Teaching Routines &
Expectations
http://explicitinstruction.org/?page_id=75
Watch video
Identify:
Behavioral Expectations Defined & Taught
Classroom Routines Defined and Taught
Identify strategies use to instruction expectations &
routines
Time for Teachers to Complete
IDEALLY…
Identify and set aside times for teachers to work on
this task
Teachers may want to work on this in grade level
teams to share ideas
Have teachers turn in completed Classroom
planning worksheets to PBS team to share with
other teachers
Misbehavior Happens: Train staff with
strategies for responding
Options for responding to misbehavior in the
classroom
“Defusing Anger & Aggression” or “Managing
Non-Compliance” video by Geoff Colvin
Purchase
Media
Show
at www.lookiris.com through Iris
isolated vignettes
Identify specific strategies used in video
Identify how & when to use strategy in your classroom
• Be SPECIFIC -- what to say/ what to do
Physically rehearse doing it your way several times
Develop prompts to encourage use in classroom
Classroom Systems
School-wide PBIS
Increasing Specific Praise (5 to 1 Ratio)
Chris Borgmeier, PhD
Portland State University
[email protected]
www.pbisclassroomsystems.pbworks.com
Supporting Effective Classroom Practices
Most Evidence-Based Classroom Practices are not
challenging to implement…. and are pretty easily
described and understood
The Challenge is using the practices consistently
over time, doing the little things consistently….
“Building Habits”
Objectives
Teach staff the “Habit Loop” and how to change/ develop
good habits
Identify the Targeted Classroom Practice & provide
examples
1) Brief presentation of practice
2) Time to individualize practice to fit your classroom,
context & needs
3)
Brief presentation of Reminders & Supports to use your
practice
4)
Time to develop an individualized Plan for Support
The Power of Habit:
Why we do what we
do in life and
business
Charles Duhigg
Video Intro
#2 on NY
Times
Bestseller
List on
March 18th
2012
Integrating “Power of Habit” in to the Classroom
How can we support teachers to:
Understand
the “Habit Loop”
Build habits to use Evidence-based Classroom
practices
Change or Build Habits in the classroom &
replace w/ Evidence-based classroom practices
The Habit Loop
from “The Power of Habit”
A habit is a formula our brain automatically follows:
When I see a CUE, I will do ROUTINE in order to get a REWARD.
Classroom Systems
Building Capacity v. One Shot Support
Build systems to support sustained use of
effective practices
SW leadership team
Regular data review
Regular individual & school action planning
Regular support & review
To begin school year & throughout school year
Classroom Practices Self Assessment
Staff completed the Classroom Practices Self Assessment
on-line last month
Team collects data to:
Strategically guide decision making re: Prof’l Dev’t
Identify staff development topics/ areas of common need
Monitor progress
Looking for High Blue
(Not or Partially In Place) &
High Red (Priority)
Jason Lee K-8
January 2015 Rankings
% Not or
Partial In
Place
%
High/Med
Priority
Total
2. 5:1 ratio
45
68
113
8. PreCorrect
48
81
129
11. Stud Resp
45
68
113
12. Varied Resp
42
74
116
15. Success Rate
58
84
142
18. T: Group Work
39
75
114
School-wide Total %
In Place = 74%
Partial = 24%
Not In Place = 1%
Not Applicable = 2%
Rank
2
1
Targeted Classroom Practices
5:1 Ratio – Increasing acknowledgment of
expected behavior
I acknowledge student positive behavior at least 5 times
more often than I acknowledge student problem
behavior.
“Power of Habit” in the Classroom
1) Brief presentation of practice
2) Time to individualize practice to fit your
classroom, context & needs
3) Brief presentation of Self-Monitoring use of your
targeted practice
4) Time to develop an individualized Self-
Monitoring Plan
Follow Along in the 5 to 1 Ratio Guide
Praise & the 5:1 Ratio
Pay attention to What you Want to See
Acknowledge positive behavior 5 times more often that you
respond to negative behavior
Keep it genuine; not the same for all kids
Negative interactions are not wrong and are sometimes
necessary; the keys are:
How the negative interactions are provided (gentle, respectful
corrections) &
the ratio
There is a ceiling effect at 13 to 1 – but we are at very little risk
of achieving this in schools; more often we are at 1:1 or even
more negatives than positives
Why Praise & Acknowledge
Desired Behavior?
Reinforce teaching of new behaviors
Behavior is likely to become a habit and recur in the
future only if demonstrating it has been beneficial
Harness the influence of kids who are showing
expected behaviors to encourage the kids who are not
Strengthen positive behaviors that can compete with
problem behavior
Improve school climate
Create positive interactions and rapport with students
5:1 Positive to Negative Ratio
The field at large recommends somewhere between 3
and 6 positive to every 1 negative
Gable, Hester, Rock & Hughes, 2009; Kerr & Nelson, 2006;
Nafpaktitis, Mayer & Butterworth, 1995; Stichter et al., 2009;
Walker, Ramsey & Gresham, 2004)
Mental Health (Frederickson & Losada, 2005)
2.5 to 1 = normal functioning
4.3 to 1 = optimal functioning
Tipping point seems to be 2.9 to 1
5ish to 1
5:1 ratio, it’s not just for kids
Married couples that last (Gottman, 1994)
Flourishing
marriages: 5.1 to 1 speech acts & 4.7 to 1 for
observed emotions
Poor marriages: 0.9 to 1 speech & 0.7 to 1 actions
Business teams
High Performance
teams = 5.6 to 1
Medium Performance teams = 1.9:1
Low Performance teams = 1 to 2.7
Losada, 1999; Losada & Heaphy 2004
ELEMENTARY
60 min x .09/min = 5.4 praise/hour;
1 every 11 minutes
MS
60 min x .04/min = 2.4 praise/hour;
1 every 25 minutes
Research on Praise & Acknowledging
Positive Behavior
Research has demonstrated that increased
Praise can lead to increases in the
following:
Students’ correct responses
Work productivity and accuracy
Academic performance
On-task behavior and attention
Compliance, positive comments about self
Cooperative play
Simonsen, Fairbanks, Briesch, Myers, & Sugai, 2008
Critical Features of Acknowledgement
Acknowledgment of Positive Behavior (praise) is
most effective if it is immediate, specific, sincere,
varied, student referenced
Immediate
Specific: explicitly describes the desired behavior performed
Sincere: credible and authentic
Varied: varied word choice, varied academic and behavior
praise, whole group, small group and individual
Student referenced: compares student performance to
previous performance and does not compare students to
others; acknowledge effort
Positive Acknowledgement/ Praise
examples
“Excellent job listening and following directions the
first time.”
“Your eyes are on me and your mouth is quiet. Thank
you for being ready to learn.”
“Wow, you completed your math work correctly
before the end of class.”
When Acknowledging Positive Behavior
Identify the specific behavior being
acknowledged
Link the behavior to one of the SW-Rules
GOOD EXAMPLE
“Wow, thank you for helping to clean up the spill, that
was very Responsible of you”
NOT AS GOOD
“Thank you, good job!”
Increase Positive Feedback &
Decreasing Negative
ID a specific problem behavior you would like to see less
of and define the opposite of this behavior
Teach & re-teach the expected/desired behavior
Provide “precorrections” in advance to set up
behavior
positive
Ignore the problem behavior and “catch” the students
meeting expectations w/ specific positive feedback
Coaching Classroom Management, 2006
Procedural Steps for increasing Positive
Acknowledgement Ratio
1) Identify challenging times, routines and behaviors
that occur throughout the day
2) Identify desired behaviors to focus on praising,
particularly during challenging times
3) Explicitly teach students to engage in desired
behaviors
Procedural Steps for increasing Positive
Acknowledgement Ratio
4) Identify a range of phrases, gestures, methods for
acknowledging targeted desired behaviors,
particularly identify ways to replace corrections
with acknowledgement of proximal peers for
desired behavior
5) Monitor for desired behaviors & acknowledge
individuals or group of students immediately
following desired behavior
6) Implement personal prompts and monitoring to
encourage replacement of corrections with
acknowledgments
Step 1: Identify Challenges & Positive
Acknowledgements
Your Turn
Take a few minutes to Complete Step 1 of the
Worksheet
Remember, we’d like to collect a copy of
your worksheet at the end of the training
today to plan for support
FLIP THE RATIO
Trading Negative Acknowledgements for
Positive
Your Turn
Take a few minutes to Complete Step 2 of the
Worksheet
Share your strategies with a partner
Set up Systems to Increase Positive
Acknowledgement
Students
Good Behavior Game
T-chart
Teach behavioral expectations
Students earn points for positive behavior
Teacher gets points for negative behavior
Total points at end to determine if “reward” is earned
Teacher
Hand out Acknowledgement Tokens or Tallies for
positive behavior
Individuals or Pre-arranged Groups in the classroom
Ways to Encourage & Monitor your
Ratio
Post a visual reminder to praise students in area
viewed frequently
Praise in Pairs: After praising one student, find
another student exhibiting similar behavior to
praise
Acknowledge creatively – use gestures (thumbs up,
OK sign, clapping, nod, high five) tangibles
(stickers, stars), points toward whole class or
individual reward, calling parent to report student
success
Self Monitoring
Training on classroom management practices alone
does not result in changes or improved practice
Self-monitoring offers an effective, efficient strategy
for improving implementation of classroom practices
(Simonsen, MacSuga, Fallon & Sugai, 2013)
Self Monitoring
Strategies for Self-Monitoring
Index Card Tearing (long side for positive, short side for
negative)
Hash marks on tape on your arm or pant leg
Golf Counter
Move Pennies or paperclips from one pocket to other based
positive & negative acknowledgements
Step 3: Self-Monitoring Plan
Your Turn
Take a few minutes to Complete Step 3 of the Worksheet
Make sure to Identify meaningful& feasible
supports
Identify your strategy for Self-Monitoring
Develop Peer Strategies for support – you can discuss with a peer
Please turn in a copy of your implementation
plan with your name on it before you leave
We will copy and get it back to you
Daily email prompt to enter self-monitoring data
Ongoing Implementation Supports
Graphic summary of Self-monitoring data will be
provided
Review in PLC teams
Set goals
Problem Solve
Encourage, Support & Celebrate
Team & School-wide Supports
Team Supports (e.g. Dept.,
Grade Level, PLC)
Make Classroom
improvement a regular part
of meetings and activities
Begin meeting w/ 2 minute
check:
Check-In & Celebrate successes
Encourage implementation
Problem solve & enhance
implementation
Support Habit Development!
School-wide Supports
Reminder on Morning
announcements
Regular review/check-in at
staff meeting
Rewards for implementers &
exemplars
Recognize your Buddy
Recognize someone you
observed engage in the
practice
Daily or weekly
implementation updates &
recognition
Group Discussion
What school-wide strategies would be helpful for
you in supporting your implementation?
Regular reminders over announcements?
Staff meeting review & sharing?
Collect implementation data?
Daily email, survey monkey?
Next Steps
Daily monitoring of targeted classroom
habit & data entry (4-6 weeks)
Regular encouragement and support from
Leadership team
Review of data at team & staff meetings
Build Effective Classroom HABITS!!!
References
Descriptive Readings
Brophy, J. (1981). Teacher Praise: A Functional Analysis. Review of Educational Research, 51(1), 5-32.
Conroy, M. A., Sutherland, K. S., Snyder, A., Al-Hendawi, M. & Vo, A. (2009). Creating a positive classroom
atmosphere: Teachers’ use of effective praise and feedback. Beyond Behavior, 18(2), pp. 18-26.
Gable, R. A., Hester, P. H., Rock, M. L., & Hughes, K. G. (2009). Back to Basics Rules, Praise, Ignoring, and
Reprimands Revisited. [Article]. Intervention in School and Clinic, 44(4), 195-205.
Simonsen, B., Fairbanks, S., Briesch, A., Myers, D. & Sugai, G. (2008). Evidence-based practices in classroom
management: Considerations for Research to practice. Education and Treatment of Children, 31(3), pp. 351380.
Sprick, R., Knight, J., Reinke, W., Skyles, T., & Barnes, L. (2009). Coaching Classroom Management:
Strategies and tools for administrators and coaches (2nd ed). Pacific NorthWest Publishing, Eugene, OR.
Research Studies demonstrating outcomes associated with the use of praise to reprimand
Becker, W.C., Engelmann, S., & Thomas, D.R. (1975). Teaching 2: Cognitive Learning and Instruction. Chicago: Science Research
Associates.
Pfiffner, L. J., Rosen, L. A., & O'Leary, S. G. (1985). The efficacy of an all-positive approach to classroom
management. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't]. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 18(3), 257-261.
Sutherland, K. S., Wehby, J. H., & Copeland, S. R. (2000). Effect of varying rates of behavior-specific praise on
the on-task behavior of students with EBD. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 8(1), 2-+.
Relationship between praise, rewards, and intrinsic motivation
Akin-Little, K. A., Eckert, T. L., Lovett, B. J., & Little, S. G. (2004). Extrinsic reinforcement in the classroom:
Bribery or best practice. [Article]. School Psychology Review, 33(3), 344-362.
Cameron, J., & Pierce, W. D. (1994). Reinforcement, Reward, and Intrinsic Motivation: A meta-analysis.
Review of Educational Research, 64(3), 363-423.
Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of
extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125(6), 627-668.