Transcript ORLANDO FSDO-15 - Aviation Human Factors
North Florida FSDO
Instructor Professionalism
CFI Special Emphasis Program Training Accident Statistics Risk Management Teaching Judgment Presented to: Designated Pilot Examiners By: Dennis H. Whitley, FAASTeam Date: January 31, 2013 Downloaded from www.avhf.com
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Professional
A professional is a person who is paid to undertake a specialized set of tasks and to complete them for a fee. The traditional professions were doctors , engineers , lawyers , architects and commissioned military officers . Today, the term is applied to nurses , accountants , educators , scientists , technology experts , social workers , artists , DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Downloaded from www.avhf.com
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Professional
A professional is a person who is paid to undertake a specialized set of tasks and to complete them for a fee. The traditional professions were doctors , engineers , lawyers , architects and commissioned military officers . Today, the term is applied to nurses , accountants , educators , scientists , technology experts , social workers , artists , And - Flight Instructors !!!
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Professional
A professional is a person who is paid to undertake a specialized set of tasks and to complete them for a fee. The traditional professions were doctors , engineers , lawyers , architects and commissioned military officers . Today, the term is applied to nurses , accountants , educators , scientists , technology experts , social workers , artists , And - Designated Pilot Examiners DPE Workshop January 31, 2013
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Attitude Indicators
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Attitude Indicators
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Attitude Indicators
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Attitude Indicators
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Professional
Attitude Indicators
Not So Pro
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Types of Flight Instructors
KXXX KXYZ KTPF 141/142 Backyard / Restaurant Instruction Good Old Boy Flying Ranch Flight Inc.
Pro Flight Corp.
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Types of Flight Environments
Wimauma KTPF-KLAL KVDF-KPDK KTPA-KATL C-140 C-172 KA-200 B737 VFR Weekends VFR Week days LO or HI Airways RNP DP DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Downloaded from www.avhf.com
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Flight Instructor Special Emphasis Program
The North Florida FSDOs have oversight responsibility for the
largest volume training
and
pilot certification activity
of
flight
within the purview of the Federal Aviation Administration DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Downloaded from www.avhf.com
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Florida FSDO Borders
Alabama FSDO SO09
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North Florida FSDO SO15 & SO35 South Florida FSDO SO19 Federal Aviation Administration
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Tampa – 33617 - 25NM Radius= 8081 Pilots
North Florida FSDO SO35
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Tampa – 33617 - 25NM Radius= 1684 Inst.
North Florida FSDO SO35
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How many pilot certificates were issued in the North Florida Area last year?
?
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How many pilot certificates were issued in the North Florida Area last year?
16,700
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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM
In response to a high number of aircraft accidents and incidents involving flight training aircraft, the Orlando and Tampa FSDO along with the FAA Safety Program Managers initiated the first
Flight Instructor Special Emphasis Program
on September 1, 1998. This program has evolved into one of the most important activities conducted by the FAA Safety Team or FAASTeam in the North Florida FSDO area of responsibility. This has become a model for similar CFI programs across the country. DPE Workshop January 31, 2013
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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM
Designed to provide more
direct
and
focused FAA involvement
Community
.
with the Flight Training • Accomplished in a
positive
,
educationally oriented
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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM
Program Goals Improve the quality of flight training within the flight schools Increase awareness among flight instructors of their instructional responsibilities Reduce the number of flight training accidents and incidents DPE Workshop January 31, 2013
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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM
Core Elements of Program Initial Flight Instructor Certification Flight Training Accident & Incident Investigations Bi-weekly CFI/DPE Special Emphasis Meetings Pilot Examiner Oversight Part 141 Pilot School Oversight DPE Workshop January 31, 2013
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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM
Requirements for renewal of Certificate.
• 8 Modules consisting of FAA specific Certified Core Topics • Each module 3 hours in duration • 24 months to complete modules DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Downloaded from www.avhf.com
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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM
Requirements for renewal of Certificate.
• Registered on FAASafety.gov and initialed attendance sheet • Your attendance record signed by Facilitator • Test sheet signed by Facilitator DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Downloaded from www.avhf.com
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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM
•
Module #7 Wednesday-Jun 30th 2010
– Core Topic 13 - Effective Teaching – Core Topic 14 – Industry training Standards •
Module #8 Wednesday-Sep. 29th 2010
– Core Topic 15 - Runway Incursions •
Module #1 Wednesday-Dec. 29th 2010
– Core Topic 1 - The FAA Safety Team – Core Topic 2 - Pilot Proficiency Wings Program •
Module #2 Wednesday-Mar 30th 2011
– Core Topic 3 - Technically Advanced Aircraft – Core Topic 4 - GPS Navigation
Tampa FSDO 6:30 PM Tampa FSDO 6:30 PM Tampa FSDO 6:30 PM Tampa FSDO 6:30 PM
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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM
•
Module #3 Wednesday-Jun. 29th 2011
– Core Topic 5 - IACRA – Core Topic 6 – Sport Pilot
Tampa FSDO 6:30 PM
•
Module #4 Wednesday-Sep. 28th 2011
– Core Topic 7 - TSA – Core Topic 8 – Security related Special Use Airspace
Tampa FSDO 6:30 PM
•
Module #5 Wednesday-Dec. 28th 2011
– Core Topic 9 - Safety trends in GA – Core Topic 10 - Risk Management
Tampa FSDO 6:30 PM
•
Module #6 Wednesday-Mar. 28th 2012 Tampa FSDO 6:30 PM
– Core Topic 11 - Takeoff / Ldg / Low Altitude maneuvering – Core Topic 12 – Aircraft Operational Limitations DPE Workshop January 31, 2013
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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM
FAA Safety Team (FAASTeam) Support “CFI / DPE Special Emphasis Program” Meetings Web Site: FAASafety.gov
LAL FAA Safety Center Presentations Web Site: http://www.faa.gov/fsdo/orl FAASTeam CFI Workshop National Program Web Site: http://www.faa.gov/tv DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Downloaded from www.avhf.com
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FLIGHT INSTRUCTOR SPECIAL EMPHASIS PROGRAM
The Program has demonstrated that a
PARTNERSHIP
between the FAA and the Flight Training Community can
ACHIEVE REMARKABLE RESULTS
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Accident & Incident Analysis
The Orlando and Tampa FSDO has carefully analyzed 386 flight training accidents & incidents occurring within the district since the beginning of FY 1999 to determine: • Causal Factors • Trends • Training Deficiencies DPE Workshop January 31, 2013
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ORLANDO FSDO ACCIDENT & INCIDENT SUMMARY
FLIGHT TRAINING ACCIDENTS & INCIDENTS
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 60 38 24 28 22 18 12 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 18 25 30 44 24 32 33 2012 17 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013
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FY 2007 ACCIDENT & INCIDENT DETAILED SUMMARY
OCCURRENCE COLLISION ON GND GO AROUND (single eng.) HELO HOVER HELO SLOPE LND HELO AUTOROTATION STUDENT & CFI 1 3 1 1 SOLO STUDENT 1 WAKE TURBULENCE FUEL EXHAUSTION HARD LANDING (180 accu. lnd.) 1 GEAR-UP 3 LANDING (loss of control) 1 1 2 1 14 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013
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FY 2008 ACCIDENT & INCIDENT DETAILED SUMMARY
OCCURRENCE STUDENT & CFI SOLO STUDENT COLLISION ON GND TAKEOFF 1 3 3 HARD LANDING 2 GEAR-UP 6 GEAR DOWN WATER LANDING 1 HELO HARD LANDING 1 HELO AUTOROTATION 1 HELO GROUND VIBRATION UNLATCHED CANOPY / DOOR 1 SR-20 BRAKE FIRE WATER IN FUEL 1 LANDING (loss of control) 2 1 1 1 19 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013
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FY 2009 ACCIDENT & INCIDENT DETAILED SUMMARY
OCCURRENCE STUDENT & CFI SOLO STUDENT COLLISION ON GND 1 HARD LANDING 3 GEAR-UP HELO (dynamic rollover) 6 HELO (hard landing) FUEL EXHAUSTION STALL / SPIN TAKEOFF (loss of control) 1 GLIDER (off airport landing) LANDING (loss of control) 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 5 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013
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FY 2010 ACCIDENT & INCIDENT DETAILED SUMMARY
OCCURRENCE STUDENT & CFI SOLO STUDENT COLLISION ON GND HELO (hard landing) FUEL MISMANAGEMENT GEAR-UP TAKEOFF (loss of control) LANDING (loss of control) 3 1 4 6 1 1 1 15 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Downloaded from www.avhf.com
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FY 2011 ACCIDENT & INCIDENT DETAILED SUMMARY
OCCURRENCE STUDENT & CFI SOLO STUDENT COLLISION ON GND STALL / SPIN 1 2 FUEL EXHAUSTION 1 HELICOPTER AUTOROTATION 1 HELICOPTER GRASS FIRE GEAR-UP LANDING (loss of control) 4 3 1 20 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Downloaded from www.avhf.com
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FY 2012 ACCIDENT & INCIDENT DETAILED SUMMARY
OCCURRENCE STUDENT & CFI SOLO STUDENT COLLISION ON GND HELICOPTER HARD LANDING 1 1 2 HELICOPTER DYNAM. ROLL. 1 GEAR-UP 2 1 ENGINE FIRE 1 HARD LANDING 2 ABORTED TAKEOFF 2 LANDING (loss of control) 0 4 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Downloaded from www.avhf.com
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Major Contributor to 2012 Event Reduction
Less Student Pilot Loss of Control During Landing Events Year Total Events Student L.O.C.
Ratio 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 30 14 47 % 44 19 43 % 24 32 5 21 % 15 47 % 33 17 20 61 % 4 24 % DPE Workshop January 31, 2013
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Other Major Contributors to ORL – TPA Flight Training Accidents & Incidents
Student & CFI hard landings, gear-ups, & loss of control Year Total Events Landing Events Ratio 2007 2008 2009 2010 30 20 67 % 44 30 68 % 24 32 16 67 % 25 78 % 2011 2012 33 17 27 82 % 9 52 % 2013 4 4 100 % DPE Workshop January 31, 2013
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FY 2013 ACCIDENT & INCIDENT DETAILED SUMMARY
OCCURRENCE STUDENT & CFI SOLO STUDENT GEAR-UP HARD LANDING 1* * during practical test LANDING (loss of control) 0 1 2 DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Downloaded from www.avhf.com
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Orlando - Tampa FSDO Efforts
Orlando and Tampa FSDO Inspectors, Pilot Examiners, and Pilot Schools have worked diligently to achieve a reduction in the number of landing accidents and incidents occurring during flight training within the District.
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Examiner Responsibilities
Examiner Special Emphasis Initiatives • Place increased emphasis upon landings and go arounds during practical tests at all certificate levels. • Place
significant emphasis
upon proper instructional techniques and demonstration of landings and go arounds during
flight instructor
practical tests.
• Develop scenario based questions applicable to flight instructor responsibilities associated with supervising student solo flights.
• Test flight instructor “student error” intervention.
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Pilot School Responsibilities
Pilot School Special Emphasis Initiatives • Pre-solo stage checks by senior instructors • Additional supervised solo operations • Enhanced dual cross-country training • Supervised solo at cross-country destinations DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Downloaded from www.avhf.com
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Flight Instructor /Student Solo Responsibilities
If a student cannot perform the “Solo Checklist ” functions without guidance or assistance from the flight instructor, then the student is not ready to solo
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Examiner Responsibility
If an applicant cannot perform the functions of the “Solo Checklist ” during a practical test, then the applicant fails the test.
All 10 items on the “Solo Checklist” are supported by the applicable PTS and Airplane Flying Handbook
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Opportunities for Improvement
Examiner Special Emphasis Initiatives • Place increased emphasis upon landings and gear operation during practical tests at all certificate levels. • Place
significant emphasis
upon proper instructional techniques and demonstration of landings and gear operations during
flight instructor
practical tests.
• Develop scenario based questions applicable to landing gear system malfunctions.
• Test flight instructor “student error” intervention associated with landings and landing gear operations.
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Flight Instructor / Student SOLO Responsibilities
In order to solo, a student must be able to:
• • • • • • • • • •
Make competent go / no-go decisions for every flight Determine the location of all other traffic while in the pattern Establish and maintain a stabilized approach Determine wind direction and make proper control inputs Manage energy so landings occur at the touchdown point Land with and maintain proper pitch attitude Keep the longitudinal axis parallel to and over the centerline Keep the centerline between the main wheels during landing Correctly respond to any abnormality or emergency Communicate properly & effectively with other traffic or ATC
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Additional Examiner Responsibiliti
es
Identify Training Deficiencies
Observe applicant’s seat position Eye Level Position of Feet on Rudders Observe touchdown control movements Proper Aileron Input for Crosswind Elevator “Follow-through” Automobile Driving “Negative Transfer”
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Identify Training Deficiencies
“The eye can’t see what the mind does not know” De-brief all Applicants Flight Instructors and their regarding Recommending Training Deficiencies
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Other Major Contributors to ORL – TPA FSDO Flight Training Accidents & Incidents
Discussion focused on Student Loss of Control during Landing Rollout Add to discussion Student Solo or CFI with Student HARD LANDINGS GEAR-UPS
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Opportunities for Improvement
Group Discussion Recommendations More
PINK
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Opportunities for Improvement
More
Notices of Disapproval
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Opportunities for Improvement
Only
25 %
of practical tests conducted by Orlando FSDO DPEs are
failed unsatisfactory landing tasks
due to
Discontinuity
Strictly apply PTS, “Solo Checklist”, and Airplane Flying Handbook guidelines
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Opportunities for Improvement
Think PINK
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Risk Management: A Definition
• • •
The part of the decision making process that relies on Situational awareness Problem recognition, and Good judgment to reduce risks associated with each flight.
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Teaching Risk Management
• • • •
Identifying hazards Assessing risk Understanding its time-critical nature Including risk management controls in training
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Teaching Judgment
• •
We’re trying to answer the enduring questions: “Can you teach judgment?” “If yes, how?”
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Risk Management
Before you make decisions, you must: 1. Identify risk factors (hazards) 2. Assess their likelihood 3. Evaluate their severity
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Defining Terms: Hazard
• •
A present condition, event, object, or circumstance that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesired event such as an accident.
Is it a source of danger?
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Defining Terms: Risk
The future impact of a hazard that is not controlled or eliminated.
1. Future uncertainty created by the hazard.
2. If it involves skill sets, the same situation may yield different risks.
3. Could also be described as the “degree of uncertainty.”
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Types of Risk
• • • • • •
Total Risk: The sum of identified and unidentified risks.
Identified Risk: Risk that has been determined.
Unidentified Risk: Often identified only after an accident.
Unacceptable Risk: Can’t be tolerated. Must be eliminated or controlled.
Acceptable Risk: Identified but managed.
Residual Risk: Remains after mitigation attempts.
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Risk Management
• • •
The method used to control, eliminate, or reduce hazards.
Unique to each individual based on skills, knowledge, training, and experience.
A decision-making process designed to systematically identify hazards, assess risk, and determine the best course of action.
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Risk Assessment
• • • • •
3 SM visibility — is it a risk?
For a student pilot?
100 hr VFR-only private pilot?
500 hr IFR pilot flying in the mountains 1,000 hr IFR pilot with 5 hr experience in a glass cockpit?
1,500 hr ATP pilot flying in busy airspace?
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Photo AOPA Gallery
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A Simple Test
• • •
Ask three basic questions: Is it legal?
Is it safe?
Does it make sense?
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FITS Website
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I’M SAFE Checklist
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FAASTeam CFI Workshop #5
Risk Management
Questions?
Comments?
Ideas?
Quiz time
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Risk Management Question #1
Which of the following are hazardous attitudes? a) Tormenter b) Macho c) Recluse d) Quarrelsome DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Downloaded from www.avhf.com
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Risk Management Question #2
Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks. True or False? DPE Workshop January 31, 2013 Downloaded from www.avhf.com
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Risk Management Question #3
Is it a “Hazard” or a “Risk” that is
a present condition, event, object, or circumstance that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesired event such as an accident
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Risk Management Question #4
An excellent tool in making good aeronautical decisions is the D.E.C.I.D.E model. What are the six attributes of the model? a) Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate b) Drop, Evacuate, Criticize, Indemnify, Decimate, Exacerbate c) Determine, Eliminate, Choose, Initiate, Divert, Evacuate d) None of the above Answers follow ~ DPE Workshop January 31, 2013
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Risk Management Question #1
Which of the following are hazardous attitudes? a) Tormenter b) Macho c) Recluse d) Quarrelsome Answer ~ b) Macho –
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
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Risk Management Question #2
Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks. True or False?
Answer ~ True –
Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
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Risk Management Question #3
Is it a “Hazard” or a “Risk” that is
a present condition, event, object, or circumstance that could lead to or contribute to an unplanned or undesired event such as an accident
? Answer ~ “Hazard” –
Risk Management Handbook
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Risk Management Question #4
An excellent tool in making good aeronautical decisions is the D.E.C.I.D.E model. What are the six attributes of the model? a) Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate b) Drop, Evacuate, Criticize, Indemnify, Decimate, Exacerbate c) Determine, Eliminate, Choose, Initiate, Divert, Evacuate d) None of the above Answer ~ a) Detect, Estimate, Choose, Identify, Do, Evaluate DPE Workshop January 31, 2013
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