Transcript Document

North Florida FSDO
Loss of Control
Loss of Control
Take Off and Landings
Stabilized Approaches
Following Procedures
Presented to: Tampa Designate Pilot Examiners
By: Dennis H. Whitley
Date: January 31, 2013
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A Crosswind Accident?
The pilot lost control after the aircraft
touched down on one wheel, swerved
sharply, hit several runway lights, left
the runway, and came to rest in the
airport boundary fence. The winds
were at 60-degree crosswind to the
runway at 32 kts with gusts to 40.
What caused this accident?
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A Crosswind Accident?
In most cases we will find that
inadequate training was a major
contributing factor. Even in cases of
outside influences or mechanical
intervention, training and knowing
what to do during an abnormal
situation is often overlooked.
What caused this accident?
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Approach and Landing Accidents
TRAINING SUGGESTIONS
• Situational Awareness – Contingency plan
for every takeoff and landing.
• “Brief” the landing/go-around procedure,
including flaps and airspeeds.
• Review Graphs and Tables in the POH.
• Teaching the Stabilized Approach - Profile
• Practice emergency/evacuation procedures.
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We have a LOSS of Control Problem!
• This airplane lost
control on landing
when the pilot flared
too high and stalled in
West Texas.
• He attempted to taxi
the airplane to the
ramp, and it worked
until the nose wheel
collapsed.
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Loss of Control
• This “new” private pilot
LOST CONTROL when
he attempted to land
on a public highway to
look at an auction site,
near Pecos, Texas.
• The crosswind caught
him and put him into
the ditch and a fence.
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•What Part do you play in all of this??
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Any Landing You Can Walk Away From?
•Landing
It’s a Matter of Risk Management
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Percent of Accidents by Phase
of Flight
17%
54%
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Take Off Planning and Briefings
• Plan your take off.
– Technical Information
•
•
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Runway Length
Density Altitude
Weight and Balance
Contingencies
Alternates
Performance
What If’s
• Other factors include obstructions, night
operations, runway conditions and weather.
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Take Off Planning and Briefings
• Brief your take off.
– Passengers and Crew (Including SP Ops)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Passenger Requirements
Departure procedure
Crew Duties
Call Outs
Abort Procedure
Emergency Procedures after takeoff
What do we do in case of ???
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Approach and Landing Accidents
• Over half of all accidents occur during these
phases.
• The leading accident factor for takeoffs and
landings is loss of control (30.2 % of takeoff
accidents and 32.8 % of landing accidents).
• Other factors include obstructions, night
operations, runway conditions and weather.
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Landings
“Can you identify the Risks?”
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Glide Path/Angle
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Approach and Landing Accidents
• Major Factors To Consider
– Lack of Situational Awareness - CFIT
– Nonstabilized Approaches
– Wind (Direction and Velocity)
– Obstructions
– Weather – Turbulence,Wind Shear,
Microburst
– Runway (Condition, Length, Slope)
– Night (Decreased Visibility)
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Why Focus on Landings?
Statistics indicate:
46% Of accidents
occurred during the
Landing phase of
Flight.
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Landings
• Good Approach = Good Landing
• Bad Approach = Bad Landing
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Landings
• Good Approach = Good Landing
• Bad Approach = Bad Landing
• Period End of Statement !!!!
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Stabilized Approach
FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
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Stabilized Approach
• FAA Order 8400.10, volume 4, chapter 2, section 3,
paragraph 511 discusses stabilized approaches.
• Defines a stabilized approach as maintaining:
– Stable speed,
– Stable descent rate,
– Stable vertical flight paths,
– Stable configuration.
VFRIFR-
Below 500 ft
Below 1000 ft
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Stabilized Approach
•
•
•
•
•
Proper airspeed for the segment of the approach
Correct flight path
Correct aircraft configuration for the phase of flight
Appropriate power setting for aircraft configuration
Normal angle and rate of descent for the type of
approach
• Minor corrections for pitch and power required to
maintain stabilized approach
• Normal bracketing (+/-5°) used to correct for lateral
navigation deviations
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Stabilized Approach
• The Stabilized VFR Approach
– On Glide Path, On Airspeed
• Profile –Approach Segment Airspeeds (Vref)
– Downwind
– Base
– Final
– Short Final
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IAP Rate of Descent Table
Speed
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
2
105
160
210
265
320
370
425
475
530
2.5
130
200
265
330
395
465
530
595
665
3
160
240
320
395
480
555
635
715
795
3.5
185
280
370
465
555
650
740
835
925
4
210
315
425
530
635
740
845
955
1060
4.5
240
355
475
595
715
835
955
1075
1190
5
265
395
530
660
795
925
1060
1190
1325
G.S.
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V-Ref – Approach Speeds
• Vref = Landing Reference Speed at a point 50
feet above the landing threshold.
• It is not less than 1.3 times the stall speed in
the normal landing configuration.
In simple terms.... your final approach speed.
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V-Ref – Approach Speeds
• FAR Part 23
– Single engine and Multi Engine < 6000 lbs stall speed =61 kias
• Vref=1.3 VSo
• 1.3 x 61= 79.3 kias
• C-172 Vso=51
• Vref (1.3x51) =66.3
• PA-32 Vso=58
• Vref (1.3*58) =75.4
• Meaning-The last 500 ft of descent should approx. 70 Kias.
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V-Ref – Inst. Approach Speeds
A
less than 90
90 - 150
C182 - TB20 - C208 - BE35
B190 - E120 - AT42 - SF34
B
90 - 120
120 - 170
AT72- B350 - M20T - DHC8
A320 - B717 - B737 - FA50
C
121 - 140
160 - 220
B757 - CRJ7 - C130 - LR45
A225 - A340 - B777 - DC10
D
141 - 165
185 - 220
MD11 - A330 - L101 - IL86
E
166 - 210
185 - 220
CON
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Stabilized Approach
• Do not change flap position after crossing the
Final Approach Fix until the runway is in sight
and landing is assured.
• If the requirements for landing from instrument
conditions are not met, a missed approach
must be executed.
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Landing - Common Errors
Un-stabilized approach.
Failure to allow enough room on final to
set up the approach, necessitating an
overly steep approach and high sink rate.
Too low on approach resulting in possibly
landing short.
Too low an airspeed on final resulting in
inability to flare properly and landing
hard.
FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
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Landing - Common Errors
(continued)
Too high an airspeed resulting in floating
on round out.
Prematurely reducing power to idle on
round out resulting in hard landing.
Touchdown with excessive airspeed.
Excessive and/or unnecessary braking
after touchdown.
Failure to maintain directional control.
FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
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What about the Crosswind???
• Technique?
– Whether “kick or crab”,
proper runway alignment
must be maintained!!!
– Upwind wing lowered and
runway center line
alignment maintained
using proper control inputs
for the crosswind
conditions
– REMEMBER…
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Crosswind Landings
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Crosswind Landings
Common Errors
Unstabilized approach.
Attempting to land in crosswinds that exceed the
airplane’s maximum demonstrated crosswind
component.
Inadequate compensation for wind drift on the turn
from base leg to final approach, resulting in
undershooting or overshooting.
Inadequate compensation for wind drift on final
approach.
FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
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Crosswind Landings
Common Errors
Failure to compensate for increased drag during sideslip
resulting in excessive sink rate and/or too low an airspeed.
Touchdown while drifting.
Excessive airspeed on touchdown resulting in loss of
control or excessive braking.
Failure to apply appropriate flight control inputs during
rollout.
FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
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Don’t let the conditions exceed your limits … if you start
to get that “uncomfortable” feeling…
•GO AROUND!!
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Go Around From Rejected Landing
FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
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Go Around Common Errors
 Pitch attitude increased excessively resulting in a
stall
 Applying only partial power
 Failure to reconfigure the aircraft (gear and Flaps)
for climb
 Retracting the flaps too quickly
 Elevator trim (excessive forward pressures)
FAA-H-8083-3A Airplane Flying Handbook
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Approach and Landing Accidents
MSA figures are
extremely helpful!
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Approach and Landing Accidents
• Know altitude and distance from
• Be aware of your DA or MDA
• Pay attention to the MSA
landing airport
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Approach and Landing Accidents
LESSONS LEARNED
• A current pilot and an airworthy aircraft can
get into trouble.
• The importance of preflight planning and
preparation.
• Night operations require extra planning.
• Understand flap configurations.
• Manage Your Focus of Attention.
• Always fly the aircraft!
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Approach and Landing Accidents
TRAINING SUGGESTIONS
• Situational Awareness – Contingency plan
for every takeoff and landing.
• “Brief” the landing/go-around procedure,
including flaps and airspeeds.
• Review Graphs and Tables in the POH.
• Teaching the Stabilized Approach - Profile
• Practice emergency/evacuation procedures.
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Approach and Landing Accidents
•
•
•
•
•
Fly some Simulation Time
Practice Approaches
Practice Missed Approaches
Practice Emergency Options
Practice Equipment Expectations
• Practice-Practice-Practice
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Thanks
for Having Me!!!
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