Transcript ICIMOD - India Water Portal

Improved Management of Water Resources: Key to
Achieve the Goal of Total Sanitation Programme
By
BP Kothyari, PP Dhyani and BS Bisht
GBPIHED, Katarmal- Almora and LBSNAA, Mussoorie-India
Water Stress/ Crisis: An Overview
GBPIHED
The problems of water crisis are mainly in areas of
availability, adequacy, potability, convenience,
affordability, sustainability, equity and quality
Major sectors suffering :
• Drinking and domestic
•
•
•
•
•
•
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Irrigation
Industrial
Hydropower
Infrastructure
Livestock
Fisheries
Tourism
Factors responsible for water stress:
GBPIHED
Water stress is mainly due to intense competition
among agriculture, industry and domestic uses
Major factors responsible are:
• Increase in population
• Changing lifestyle
• Industrialization
• Urbanization
• Decrease in total availability
• Poor O & M
• Forest fire
• Land use changes
• Paucity of reliable data
• Weak PRIs
Year
Population growth-1990- 2011
Total
%
%
Population
Rural
Urban
1990
844,886,000
75.00
25.00
1995
922,352,621
73.65
26.35
2000
1,008,937,000 72.30
27.70
2005
1,083,168,886 71.00
29.00
2011
1,176,125,808 69.26
30.74
Result
+33.124
+5.74
Source: Strategic plan 2010-22, DDWS-RDW, GoI ; Census -2011
-5.74
Efforts to cope with the water crisis
GBPIHED
“For last few decades, an expenditure of
over $2.0 billions per annum has been
made by the GoI and States for providing
Table- 2 Population growth
potable water to more than 91% rural
people in 1.5 mn habitations”, but;
Due to O & M, problems 30- 40% schemes
periodically slipping back from “fully covered”
to “partially covered” or “not covered” status.
(Fully covered: supply of 40 lpcd; partially covered: 10- 40 lpcd and not
covered: below 10 lpcd- ARWSP)
Source: Strategic plan 2010-22, DDWS-RDW, GoI
Water sources used by the people
of Himalayan States-India
States
Tap
Hand
Pump
Tube
well
Well
Tank,
Pond,
Sanitation and water supply coverage in HKH
region
Lake
River,
Canal
GBPIHED
Springs
Other
sources
J& K
40.7
12.8
1.4 growth
7.1
Table- 2 Population
1.5
17.3
7.4
11.8
H. P.
82.9
4.2
0.5
5.3
0.9
0.7
1.8
3.8
U. K.
60.5
21.4
1.1
1.6
1.6
2.4
2.8
8.7
Sikkim
66.5
0.3
0.2
0.2
1.1
1.3
28.6
1.9
Tripura
18.1
13.9
13.0
44.8
1.8
3.6
3.1
1.8
Mizoram
19.3
1.5
3.0
1.8
4.6
18.1
47.4
4.3
Manipur
20.6
7.1
1.7
7.4
28.4
20.1
13.4
1.4
Meghalaya
24.4
2.2
2.8
31.7
6.5
5.2
25.1
2.1
Nagaland
44.3
1.6
1.7
32.6
10.6
2.4
5.6
1.4
Arunachal
63.3
7.8
2.6
4.9
1.3
9.6
7.6
2.9
Average
39.63
7.28
2.8
13.74
5.83
8.07
14.28
4.01
Source: Census of India, 2001
Gaula Catchment- Nainital:
A Case Study
GBPIHED
Location
Discharge Reduction in Discharge 5 steams and
(x 103 l/d) Extent (%) Period (yrs)
about 2% springs
Sungarkara
7.8
50
40
Katjawa
12.4
75
15-20
Kasani
8.0
±75
35-40
Dobra
434.9
±33
50
Mara
22.3
25
50
Patrani
Nil
±100
10-15
Paniyan
28.2
±40
15
Lipkharak
Nil
±100
20
Simalaya
5.2
33
30-35
Bharna
3.1
25-33
15-20
Koidal
Nil
±100
5-6
Source: Valdiya, KS and SK Bartarya, 1991
have completely
dried up during
last 15- 20 years.
38.5% reduction
in discharge of
main river
&
9.7 to 76%
reduction in
spring discharge
between 1971- 81
Gaula Catchment- Nainital:
A Case Study
GBPIHED
Probable causes of reduction in discharge:
• Replacement of Tablemulti-storied
forest with single story pine
2 Population growth
forests over a vast area
• Replacement of mixed-oak forests by fruit orchards
• Decrease in total rainfall, increase in rainfall intensity and
decreased infiltration
• Land use changes: increased habitation, Infrastructure
and road construction, etc.
• Increased water utilization in up-stream locations
Source: Valdiya & Bartrya, 1991
Almora Drinking Water : A case study
GBPIHED
360 springs at the beginning (1563); over 300 have either dried or
highly polluted during last 150 years. Remaining springs are
rapidly becoming seasonal with reduced flow.
• Municipal population: +75,000
• Floating population: ± 15,000
• Surrounding villages: 20
• Normal supply capacity: 7.5 mld
• Peek summer: below 6.0 mld
• Leakage : 0.9 mld
• Demand of City: 12 mld
Available sources (as on date)
• One gravity scheme
• One pumping scheme
• A few hand pumps
• The most reliable- ± 30 springs
Still we are
getting water
under
uncertain
roster system.
No
consideration
of quality or
quantity.
Water Management: Community
managed schemes in IHR States
Coverage (%)
GBPIHED
Managed by
States
Habitations Population Comm. (%)
Panchayati Raj
provides powers to
A. Pradesh
51
75
12
GPs, but the comm.
Assam
50 Table- 2 Population
67 growth
08
management will
H. P.
74
86
30
depends on how GPs
J &K
43
63
01
are empowered by
Manipur
48
74
01
means of funds,
Meghalaya
53
59
01
functions and
Mizoram
76
74
24
functionaries for
Nagaland
62
80
07
project execution,
Sikkim
69
86
00
M&E and O& M
Tripura
29
73
08
process, under TSP.
U. K.
68
90
04
Table-1: Access to the water and community management in Himalayan States
Average
57
Source: RWSS Project report-2012
75
09
Water Management
GBPIHED
Private sector participation, pricing and right to water
1st view: “Access to adequate amount of clean water for personal &
domestic uses is a Tablefundamental
human right”. Further, water is not
2 Population growth
a commodity that can be bought and sold for profit.
-UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (Gen. comment No. 15)
2nd view: Water tariffs are required to improve water allocation,
efficiency and encourage the resources conservation
9th five year plan promotes water as economic good and suggests
rural users pay 10 percent of capital costs and 100 percent of O&M
costs for drinking-water systems
Source: Strategic plan 2010-22, DDWS-RDW, GoI
TSP: A unique partnership programme
GBPIHED
Sanitation coverage defined as access to toilets by households
• Emphasis on information, education & communication (IEC) for
demand generation
2 Population
growthencourage local sanitary marts,
• Skill improvement ofTablelocal
masons,
local fabrication for stronger back-up system
• School sanitation and hygiene education
• Strong backup system
has helped on adoption
and up scaling process
Beneficiaries
Total
BPL HH
National
U.K.
332,05,96
1,59,662
196,13,529
1,58,822
3,82,683
685
• O& M has been solved
up to some extant
Schools
Aganwaris
1,17,64
101
• Water availability is still
a problem
Comm. complexes
10,276
23
Production centers
7,057
31
Data on availability of water in toilets are not available
Source: Strategic plan 2010-22, DDWS-RDW, GoI
Sanitation scenario of Almora Town
GBPIHED
• 1st phase (Eastern slope): A 22Km sewage disposal system, covering
over 500 HH, was established in 2004-05.
• Recycling/ treatment plant at Bukh (near Suyal river).
• Remaining 3 phases:TableWaiting
for
administrative/ financial approval.
2 Population
growth
• One treatment plant is proposed below Karnatak Khola (near Kosi)
Some ground realities
• Almora town lies between Kosi and
Suyal rivers
• Kosi catering Almora while Suyal to
downstream
• One main line is damaged since Sept. 2010
• Treatment plant is almost nonfunctional.
• Treated/untreated sewage is reaching to
Suyal river.
• Sewage of other phases will reach to Kosi
Sewage treatment plant -Almora
The Dying city; Cultural capital of Uttarakhand
Challenges of Strategic plan
2010- 2022
GBPIHED
Challenges
Possible options
Source sustainability
Increase infiltration by CAP through ecorestoration
Table- 2 Population growth
Secure sources of water
Recharge measures and free from
pollution
Operation and management Decentralized governance & strengthening
of PRIs
Inter-sector coordination
Convergence towards common objective
Professional support
Skill improvement & technical
backstopping to PRIs
Impact of climate change
New options, rain water harvesting &
adaptation
Source: Strategic plan 2010-22, DDWS-RDW, GoI
Need of Coordination and Integration
GBPIHED
The ambitious National programme like mid-day meal, TSC and health &
hygiene have weak coordination
• Mid-day meal in almost
all2 the
schools
TablePopulation
growth
• Under TSC, gender aspect has poorly been
addressed in schools
• Water availability is questionable in hilly
areas
• Without water, hygiene is impractical
Holistic approach on planning,
coordination among the
executing agencies and
stakeholder participation
would have to tell different
story of success.
“Under ARWSP, convergence of NRDWP and SSA is an example of
such vision for ensuring adequate water to toilets and drinking water”
Conclusions:
GBPIHED
•
Achievements on “WatSan to all” will depend on sustainability
of water sources and quality control.
•
Withdrawal of water got priority over the conservation aspects.
•
Rain water harvesting could be seen as the penultimate option.
•
Percolation and infiltration measures are to be taken up on priority“long term measures”.
•
Provision of “Bulk water storage” for lean period would be the “short
term measures”.
•
CAP and eco-restoration are necessary to restore the aquifers
•
Strengthening of PRIs for CBNRM and participation on planning,
execution, O&M would be the key for success
•
Necessity of integrated water resources management at all levels
(National to village).
•
Convergence of different programme for common objective and
coordination among the agencies for execution, O& M is call of the day.
Table- 2 Population growth
THANKS