Transcript Traffic Control at Emergency Incidents

Traffic Control
at Emergency Incidents
Brantley County Firefighters
Atkinson Volunteer Fire
Department
January, 2009
Terminal Objective
To provide the student with the basic
tools necessary to provide for
responder safety at the scene of an
emergency involving a roadway.
January, 2009
Atkinson Volunteer Fire Department
2
Enabling Objectives
• Discuss the need for traffic control
• Discuss the various laws, regulations, and
standards covering traffic control at
emergency scenes
• Discuss terminology related to traffic control
• Discuss safety measures to be considered
when establishing traffic control
• Discuss establishing and expanding the
scene
January, 2009
Atkinson Volunteer Fire Department
3
The Need
Why we need uniform response
for traffic control
The Problem
January, 2009
The Need
5
The Problem
• July 5, 2007 1:05pm
– Mesquite, TX
• All four firefighters were transported to the hospital and all
were released within 6 hours of the incident. The firefighter
that stumbled out of the cab on the driver's side was ok after
being checked out at the hospital. Neither of the firefighters in
the back had time to sit down and get belted into their seats
before the collision. The Driver/Engineer and the Captain
were both belted in their seats at the time of the accident.
The crew had received another call for service and were
preparing to respond when the accident occurred. The A post
where the Captain sits was completely detached at the roof
line. The Captain jumped out of the front window after the
accident to check on the occupants of the semi. No one in
the semi was hurt. The pumper has been totaled. As you can
see from the video it got bent pretty bad.
Courtesy of FirefighterCloseCalls.com
January, 2009
The Need
6
The Problem
• November 25, 2008 8:20am
– High Point, NC
• Firefighter struck while exiting vehicle at highway
accident scene
• Driver who struck firefighter charged with Failure to
Move Over
Courtesy of FirefighterCloseCalls.com
January, 2009
The Need
7
The Problem
• November 30, 2008, 1:40pm
– DeBusk, TN
• Firefighter struck by vehicle while directing traffic at
an accident scene
• Driver who struck firefighter said “he didn’t see him
(the firefighter)”
• Injured firefighter had just pushed another
firefighter to safety before being struck
• Firefighter was wearing proper PPE, including vest
Courtesy of FirefighterCloseCalls.com
January, 2009
The Need
8
The Problem
• December 17, 2008, 12:00pm
– Haugen, Montana
• Firefighter killed while directing traffic
– A Firefighter was killed when a semi crashed into his
vehicle while he was managing/warning traffic for a
separate wreck on I-90. The firefighter was in his POV in
the outside westbound lane of I-90 with his emergency
lights on, directing/warning traffic around the corner from
the first crash. An approaching FedEx semi with two
trailers tried to slow and move but couldn't because of
other traffic in the vicinity...while trying to brake, the truck
slid and jackknifed on the slippery snow-covered road,
and both trailers collided with his pickup, partially ejecting
him from the vehicle.
January, 2009
The Need
9
The Problem
• Approximately 200 roadside workers killed
annually
• Approximately 800 motorists killed
annually
• Thousands more injured
• Not limited to firefighters
– 1996 - 2006
• 52 firefighters killed in “struck-by” incidents
Courtesy National Traffic Incident Management Coalition
January, 2009
The Need
10
Causes
• Lack of training
• Lack of situational awareness
• Failure to establish a proper Temporary
Traffic Control zone
• Improper positioning of apparatus
• Inappropriate use of scene lighting
January, 2009
The Need
11
Causes
• Failure to use PPE and high-visibility
apparel and safety equipment
• Careless, inattentive, or impaired drivers
• Reduced vision driving conditions
• Altered traffic patterns
January, 2009
The Need
12
Civilian Drivers
• Accustomed to clear unobstructed
roadways
• May not recognize and avoid
– Closed lanes
– Workers on or near roadway
– Emergency vehicles on or near roadway
• May be driving while impaired
• May be deliberately targeting responders
January, 2009
The Need
13
The Law
Laws, Regulations, and Standards
covering traffic control at
emergency scenes
Sources
• Federal Law
– Title 23, CFR – Highways
• Federal Highway Administration
• MUTCD
– Title 49, CFR – Transportation
• Hazardous Materials
• NFPA
– NFPA 1500
– NFPA 1901
January, 2009
The Law
15
Sources
• ANSI
– 107 Standard
– 207 Standard
January, 2009
The Law
16
MUTCD
• Manual for Uniform Traffic Control Devices
for Streets and Highways, 2003 ed.
– Part 6 – Temporary Traffic Control
• Chapter 6I - Control of Traffic Through Traffic
Incident Management Areas
–
–
–
–
January, 2009
6I.02 - Major Traffic Incidents
6I.03 - Intermediate Traffic Incidents
6I.04 - Minor Traffic Incidents
6I.05 - Use of Emergency Vehicle Lighting
The Law
17
Federal Law
• Title 23 CFR
– Part 634 - Worker Visibility
• 634.2
– Worker means people on foot whose duties place them
within the right-of-way of a Federal aid highway, such as
highway construction and maintenance forces, survey
crews, utility crews, responders to incidents within the
highway right-of-way, and law enforcement personnel
when directing traffic, investigating crashes, and handling
lane closures, obstructed roadways, and disasters within
the right-of-way of a Federal-aid highway.
January, 2009
The Law
18
Federal Law
• Title 23 CFR
– Part 634 - Worker Visibility
• 634.3
– All workers within the right-of-way of a Federal-aid
highway who are exposed either to traffic (vehicles using
the highway for purposes of travel) or to construction
equipment within the work area shall wear high-visibility
safety apparel.
– Firefighters are exempt when directly involved in
activities such as fire suppression or hazardous materials
response, but high-visibility apparel must be put on when
these activities are concluded. (Amended Nov 21, 2008)
January, 2009
The Law
19
NFPA
• 1500 – Fire Department Occupational
Safety and Health Program, 2007 ed.
– Chapter 8.7 - Traffic Incidents
• 8.7.1 – Appropriate measures taken to protect
members
• 8.7.2 – SOPs for operations involving traffic
incidents
• 8.7.4 – Apparatus positioned to protect members
• 8.7.5 – Warning devices used for oncoming traffic
• 8.7.6 – Warning device placement sensitive to
conditions
January, 2009
The Law
20
NFPA
• 1500 – Fire Department Occupational
Safety and Health Program, 2007 ed.
– Chapter 8.7 - Traffic Incidents
•
•
•
•
8.7.7 – First unit addresses traffic issues
8.7.8 – Members and victims in secure area
8.7.9 – Unneeded vehicles parked off roadway
8.7.10 – Members wear garments with visible
materials
• 8.7.11 – Members trained in traffic control
January, 2009
The Law
21
NFPA
• 1901 – Standard for Automotive Fire
Apparatus, 2009 ed.
– Chapter 5 - Pumper Fire Apparatus
• 5.8.3 (18) - One traffic vest for each seating
position, each vest to comply with ANSI/ISEA 207,
Standard for High Visibility Public Safety Vests,
and have a five point breakaway feature that
includes two at the shoulders, two at the sides and
one at the front.
January, 2009
The Law
22
NFPA
• 1901 – Standard for Automotive Fire
Apparatus, 2009 ed.
– Chapter 5 - Pumper Fire Apparatus
• 5.8.3 (19) - Five fluorescent orange traffic cones
not less than 28 in. in height, each equipped with a
6 in. retro-reflective white band no more than 4 in.
from the top of the cone, and an additional 4 in.
retro-reflective white band 2 in. below the 6 in.
band.
January, 2009
The Law
23
NFPA
• 1901 – Standard for Automotive Fire
Apparatus, 2009 ed.
– Chapter 5 - Pumper Fire Apparatus
• 5.8.3 (20) - Five illuminated warning devices such
as highway flares, unless the five fluorescent
orange traffic cones have illuminating capabilities
January, 2009
The Law
24
NFPA
• 1901 – Standard for Automotive Fire
Apparatus, 2009 ed.
– Chapter 15 – Body, Compartments, and
Equipment Mounting
• 15.9.3 - Reflective Striping
– 15.9.3.2 - At least of 50% of the rear vertical surfaces of
the apparatus, visible from the rear of the apparatus,
excluding any pump panel areas not covered by a door,
shall be equipped with retro-reflective striping in a
chevron pattern sloping downward and away from the
centerline of the vehicle at an angle of 45 degrees.
January, 2009
The Law
25
NFPA
• 1901 – Standard for Automotive Fire
Apparatus, 2009 ed.
– Chapter 15 – Body, Compartments, and
Equipment Mounting
• 15.9.3 - Reflective Striping
– 15.9.3.2.1 – Each stripe in the chevron shall be a single
color alternating between red and either yellow,
fluorescent yellow, or fluorescent yellow-green
– 15.9.3.2.2 – Each stripe shall be 6 inches (150MM) in
width
January, 2009
The Law
26
Terminology
Describing the parts of a scene
TTC
• Temporary Traffic Control
– Move road users past or around incident in a
safe and expeditious manner
– Reduce likelihood of secondary traffic
collisions
– Preclude unnecessary use of surrounding
local road system
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
28
TIMA
• Traffic Incident Management Area
– That part of the roadway where TTC
measures are imposed by authorized officials
in response to a traffic incident
• Begins at the first warning device
• Ends at the last TTC point
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
29
Incident Types
• Minor Incidents
– Up to 30 minutes in length
• Intermediate Incidents
– 30 minutes to 2 hours
• Major Incidents
– Longer than 2 hours
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
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Minor Incidents
• Typically small incidents
– Non injury accidents with minimal damage to
vehicles
– Disabled vehicles
– Traffic stops
• Most common responders on scene
– Police
– Tow Operators
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
31
Intermediate Incidents
• Longer duration than Minor Incidents
– May involve multiple vehicles with minor
injuries
– Minimal extrication times
– May involve road blockage
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
32
Major Incidents
• Very long duration incidents
– Accidents with fatalities
– Accidents involving multiple vehicles
– Accidents with long extrication times
– Accidents involving hazardous materials
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
33
Incident Scene
• Consists of 4 parts
– Advance Warning Area
– Transitional Area
– Activity Area
• Buffer Space
• Incident Space
– Termination Area
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
34
Incident Scene
• Termination Area
• Activity Area
– Incident Space
– Buffer Space
• Transitional Area
• Advance Warning
Area
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
35
Other Terms
• Taper – Narrowing of the driving pathway
– Size dependent on posted speed limit
• Blocking – The positioning of apparatus to
create a safe work zone
• Shadow – The area protected by
apparatus parked in a blocking position
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
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Other Terms
• Shadow
• Blocking
• Taper
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
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Safety
Considerations for safety
measures at a scene
Warning Signs
• Fluorescent Pink
• Black Writing
– “Emergency Scene Ahead”
• 36” x 36” or 48” x 48” in size
– 36” used on roads with low to moderate speeds
– 48” used on roads with higher speeds and
freeways
– Use of larger sign covers all possible incidents
• Use mandated by MUTCD and NFPA 1500
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
39
Warning Signs
Cones
• Most common barrier device
• Two sizes based on speed of road
– 18” - used in daytime and on low speed
roadways (≤ 40mph)
– 28” - used at night and on high speed
roadways (≥ 45mph)
– Cones used at night also need reflective trim
• Should have capability of being illuminated
for night time operations
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
41
Flaggers
• Personnel trained in traffic control
• Training mandated by MUTCD and NFPA
1500
– If personnel are used to direct traffic
• If used, must be located so approaching
drivers can react safely and appropriately
• Must be dressed in proper protective
equipment
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
42
Vests
• Use mandated by Federal Law and NFPA
standards
• Must meet ANSI Class II standards
– Either 107-2004 or 207-2006 standards
• Bunker gear meets reflectivity standards of
ANSI 107, but not color standards
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
43
Vests – Class I
Vests – Class II
Vests – Class III
Vests vs. Turnouts
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
47
Mitigation
• Preplanning
• Create and enforce SOP’s/SOG’s
– Response to scene
– Incident Command structure
– Safety equipment
• Vests
• Training
– To the preplan
– To the SOP/SOG
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
48
Preplanning Response
• Include Everyone
– EMS, SO, HP,LEO, Fire, DOT
• Ensure process and format for plan is
agreed upon before beginning
• Make sure final plan is easy to understand
• Share the plan
• Train to the plan
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
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Preplanning Response
• Know what everyone else is supposed to
do
• Exercise the plan
• Review the plan
• Modify as needed, then repeat previous
steps
January, 2009
Terminology and Safety
50
The Scene
Setting up the TTC Zone
Establishing the Scene
• Establish Command
– Fire has command during rescue, hazmat,
and fire operations
– EMS has command of patient
– Law Enforcement has command after rescue,
fire and patient issues are mitigated
• Ensure responder safety
– Proper placement of apparatus and signage
January, 2009
The Scene
52
Establishing the Work Area
• Apparatus Placement
– Park in a manner that reduces the chance of
being struck by oncoming traffic
– Park in a manner that shields responders and
the operational work area from being exposed
to oncoming traffic
– Park in a manner that allow effective
deployment of equipment and resources to
handle the incident
January, 2009
The Scene
53
Establishing the Work Area
• Operations on Surface Streets
– Park off the street when possible
– Close the street completely, if necessary
– Do not block access to later arriving
apparatus
– Create a blocking position if street can’t be
closed
– NEVER park on railroad tracks
– Position pump panel in shadow area, if
possible
January, 2009
The Scene
54
Expanding the Work Area
• Required if incident is Intermediate or greater
• TIMA distances
– Higher speeds = Longer distance
Speed
2nd
Warning
Sign (B)
1st
Warning
Sign (A)
Transition
Taper
Area
Buffer
Space
30 mph
100
350
70
625
40 mph
350
350
125
825
50 mph
500
500
375
1000
60 mph
1500
1000
450
1300
70 mph
1500
1000
525
1450
January, 2009
The Scene
Work
Space
Termination
Taper Area
As
100 feet per
Needed
lane
55
Example of Distances
Speed – 30 mph
• Termination Taper –
100 feet
• Work Space – As
Needed
• Buffer Space – 625
Feet
• Transition Taper – 70
feet
• Sign A – 100 feet
• Sign B – 100 feet
January, 2009
The Scene
56
Example of Placement
January, 2009
The Scene
57
Scene Lighting
• Use minimum amount of lighting
necessary
• If possible, turn off headlights unless being
used for scene lighting
• Turn off unnecessary warning lights
– If possible, replace warning lights on rear of
apparatus with amber lenses instead of red
January, 2009
The Scene
58
Responder POV Parking
• Drive past the scene before parking
• Park completely off the road in termination
taper area
• Turn off all lights except hazard lights
• DO NOT block emergency lighting on
apparatus already on scene
• DO NOT park in such a way as to block
egress of apparatus
January, 2009
The Scene
59