Transcript PowerPoint 簡報 - Singapore Management University

The Effect of Height on
Cognitive Ability and Wage
Ming-Jen Lin
Hsin-Lan Ting
2014.4.17
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Introduction


Introduction
Literature
Review
Cognitive
Ability
“Kids, I want you to grow taller than me!”
Height of the U.S. President and their counterpart
◦ There were only 4 times that the shorter candidate won
the presidential election since 1928.
◦ From 1796, 58% winners were taller candidates.
Wage
Diseases
Conclusion
Source: Persico, Postlewaite and Silverman (2004)
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Literature Review

Introduction
Literature
Review
Cognitive
Ability
Wage
Diseases
Conclusion
Related Literatures
◦ Wage: Loh (1993), Thomas and Strauss (1997), PPS (2004), Dinda et al.
(2006), CP (2008), Hubler (2009), Gao and Smyth (2010), Kortt and Leigh
(2010),Vogol (2012)
◦ Health condition: Rees et al. (2009), Case and Paxson (2010)
◦ Self-esteem/Social esteem: Judge and Cable (2004), Rees et al.
(2009)
◦ Leadership: Judge and Cable (2004), Murray and Schmitz (2011)
◦ Job performance: Judge and Cable (2004)
◦ Education level: Case and Paxson (2010), Cinnirella et al. (2011)
◦ Cognitive ability in the old age: Maurer (2010)
◦ Happiness: Carrieri and De Paola (2012)
◦ Ability to write: Spears (2012)
◦ Career choice: Bockerman et al. (2010)
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Literature Review
Is height premium a height discrimination?
 There are at least two possible reasons:

Introduction
Literature
Review
Cognitive
Ability
Wage
Diseases
Conclusion
◦ Teenage height is matter. Height premium is
partially mediated through high school sports
and clubs experience. (Persico, Postlewaite &
Silverman, 2004)
◦ A marker of cognitive ability. (Case & Paxson,
2008)
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Cognitive Ability
Data

◦ First and second wave of survey, including junior and senior high
school students.
Introduction
Literature
Review
Taiwan Education Panel Survey (TEPS)

Sample size:
◦ Junior high school: 20,055 released, 16,522 in use.
◦ Senior high school: 19,051 released, 16,442 in use.
Cognitive
Ability
Wage

Diseases

Conclusion

Dependent variable: Cognitive ability
Major independent variable: Height (cm)
Control variables: Weight, Father’s and Mother’s
education level and ethnicity, Family monthly income,
number of siblings, a series of dummy variables indicating
public or private school, location, and birth year.
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Cognitive Ability
Introduction
Literature
Review
Cognitive
Ability
Wage
Diseases
Conclusion

Hypotheses
1.
Height reflects individual’s self-esteem, which affects
cognitive ability. (representative variable: Self-esteem)
Height reflects interpersonal dominance, which affects
individual’s cognitive ability. (interpersonal dominance)
Height reflects individual’s health condition.
(mental health, physical health)
Height reflects individual’s non-cognitive ability.
(organization ability, self-discipline)
Height reflects individual’s social capital through club
experience.
(athletics, athletic club, academic club, and others)
Height reflects individual’s leadership.
(no. of same sex friends, no. of opposite sex friends)
Height reflects individual’s time that hit the growth spurts.
(menarche age)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Cognitive Ability

Introduction
Literature
Review
Cognitive
Ability
Wage
Diseases
Conclusion
Model Specification－OLS
10
Yi   0  1  Heighti   2 Weighti   3h  Ethnicityi 
h 1
8

j 1
7
4j
 Father ' s and Mother ' s Edui   5 k  Family incomei 
k 1
2
 6  siblingsi   7  school typei   8l  districtsi 
l 1
5

m 1
12
9m
 menarcheagei   10 n  hypotheses relatedi   i
n 1
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Evidence from Taiwan
Introduction
Literature
Review
Cognitive
Ability
Wage
Diseases
Conclusion
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Wage
Data

Introduction
◦ Conducted in every 5 years.
Literature
Review
Cognitive
Ability
Wage
Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT),
2005-2008.


Dependent variable: monthly wage
Independent variables:
◦ Height (cm)
◦ Menarche age.
Diseases
Conclusion

Control variables
◦ Weight, Father’s and Mother’s ethnicity and education level,
Individual’s education level, age, and menarche age in female
samples.
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Evidence from Taiwan
Introduction
Literature
Review
Cognitive
Ability
Wage
Diseases
Conclusion
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Wage

Introduction
Literature
Review
Cognitive
Ability
Wage
Diseases
Conclusion
Model Specification－OLS
10
Yi   0  1  Heighti   2 Weighti   3 j  Ethnicityi 
j 1
8

k 1
4k
4

l 1
5l
 Father ' s and Mother ' s Edui 
9
3
m 1
n 1
 Edui    6 m  agei    7 n  menarcheagei   i
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Wage
Introduction
Literature
Review
Cognitive
Ability
Wage
Diseases
Conclusion
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Wage
Introduction
Literature
Review
Cognitive
Ability
Wage
Diseases
Conclusion
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Wage
Introduction
Literature
Review
Cognitive
Ability
Wage
Diseases
Conclusion
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Diseases

Introduction
Literature
Review
Cognitive
Ability
Wage
Diseases
Conclusion
Model Specification－Probit
10
Yi   0  1  Heighti   2 Weighti   3 j  Ethnicityi 
j 1
8

k 1
4k
4

l 1
n 1
9
4
m 1
p 1
5l
 Edui    6 m  agei    7 p  Occupationi
8n
 menarcheagei   i
3

 Father ' s and Mother ' s Edui 
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Wage
Introduction
Literature
Review
Cognitive
Ability
Wage
Diseases
Conclusion
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Wage
Introduction
Literature
Review
Cognitive
Ability
Wage
Diseases
Conclusion
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Conclusion
The height in adolescence reflects the
time that individual hits the growth spurts.
Height serves as a marker of cognitive
ability in adolescence.
 There is a positive relation between height
and individual’s wage. Menarche age also
plays an important role. It is cognitive
ability rewarded in labor market.
 Height is also related to some diseases.
There are different patterns in men and
women.

Introduction
Literature
Review
Cognitive
Ability
Wage
Diseases
Conclusion
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Thank You
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