Transcript France in the New World

Focus Question
Evaluate the influence of
the French presence in
North America on
developments in the
relationship between
Britain and the thirteen
colonies before 1764.
French Motivations and the New World
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Late bloomer in conquest of New World
1608– settled in Quebec- St. Lawrence river
Samuel de Champlain- “Father of New
France”
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Relationship with Indians (Iroquois)
Government of New France-Population in New France
by 1750----
France in the New World
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New France spreads out-- Fur
trade
 French influence in Midwest:
 Drawbacks of fur trade-- Protection against Spain’s fortsMS. & LA. Territories (most
important- New Orleans)
Key Groups/People
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Jesuits—
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Antoine Cadillac---
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Robert de La Salle
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Forts- New Orleans (1718)
French Jesuits (Catholic missionaries)
The Deerfield Massacre
POA- 47-54
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3- interesting facts
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2- questions that you have from this
era
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1- concept you didn’t know
Historical Perspective Writing
History is meant to teach us “empathy”- to
put ourselves in other’s shoes.
 Additionally, you need to work on 50 word
responses (short answer)& descriptive writing
 Thus, for the following activity, you will get 7
minutes per “perspective” to write as if you
were this person in approximately 50 wordsi.e. 1 paragraph.
 Be sure to include feelings, emotions, but also
historical points from the incident.
 For example, why do you think Eunice
stayed with the Native Americans?
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“The English had come to the New World to settle; the French
had come not to settle, but to make money, by creating a furtrading empire in Canada. Instead of exterminating the Indians, the
French learned their language, traded, formed alliances, and even
intermarried with them and sought to convert them to the
Catholic faith. As imperial England and imperial France clashed on
the American continent, the French army and its Indian allies
fought a series of wars with the English army in America in which
the American colonials were a ‘junior partner.’”
- Historian John Demos, 1994
Empires Clash
Contest between Britain, France, Spain
 1688-1763- four European wars for New
World and control of Europe
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King William’s War
Queen Anne’s War
War of Jenkins’ Ear
Eventually– Seven Years’ War (French and Indian
War)
• Period of “salutary neglect” for the colonists
• War breaks out in Ohio River Valley (1750s)
French/Indian War
(Seven Years’ War)
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England, Prussia vs. France, Spain, Austria, Russia
Bloodiest fighting in Europe
1754--- Albany Congress
• Intercolonial congress
• Ben Franklin’s Albany Plan---
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• British perspective
• Colonists’ perspective
British invade Canada
• William Pitt--- “Great Commoner”- (status
of Parliament)
• Battle of Quebec
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Peace of 1763---
Results of French/Indian War---Colonists--Tensions with Britain--Colonial Unity?---Removal of France…
Spain & Indians’ a
reduced threat
* Pontiac’s Rebellion
(1763)
* Proclamation Line of
1763--New vision for colonists--
Pontiac’s
Rebellion,
1763
The Road to Revolution:
1763-1775
When did the “revolt” begin?
 American environment--
• Not the tradition & hierarchy
• No longer “transplanted” English after 150
years
1763: English Policy Shifts
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Mercantilism to Imperialism--Why?
 British perspective-- Colonist perspective(s)--
Mercantilism
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Colonies acquired by “a fit of absentmindedness”----------Mercantilism– shaped policies of all European
countries- 1500s-1700s
• Country’s economic wealth (military & political
power) measured by gold/silver in treasury
• Colonies exist to raise standard of living of government
and nation
• Country must export more than it imports
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Advantages of having colonies---Strong, central gov’ts to enforce mercantile
policies
Parent
Dynamic of
Mercantilism
Role of Colonies in Mercantilism
Colonists Expected To:
 Furnish products needed
in England
 Buy British!
 Avoid economic
independence and selfgovernment
 Ensure British military
supremacy
 Don’t trade with other
European powers
Ensuring Mercantilism Occurs…
Navigation Laws– (1650)- restricted
commerce to and from the colonies to
England- keeps $$ in British Empire
 Currency--- no banks allowed in colonies
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Bartering common- lack of gold/silver
 Privy Council- any laws in colonies that
contradict King- reviewed (royal veto)
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Reality of Mercantilism
Navigation Laws (1650-1776)
 but remind me… what was salutary neglect
(1688-1763?)
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Not enforced for most of the time
 Colonists paid little attention to them
 British were lax in enforcement
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So, who’s at fault with this one?
 (remember, history is an argument over how
we interpret events!!)
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A Mercantile Relationship
+ of Mercantilism
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Guaranteed trading partner
London provided price supports to those
who produced for military
VA. Planters guaranteed a monopoly of
British markets
Americans had same rights as
Englishmen
Didn’t have to tax themselves against
foreign threats (French, Spanish)
Enjoyed British protection
Average American more well off than
average Englishmen in 1775
“By golly, those gents
have it pretty good
over there!!”
- Of Mercantilism
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Start to enforce Navigation Laws after
1763
Not under “most profitable” conditions
Regional favoritism--- which?
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Virginians at mercy of British
“being milked like cows”
“We have an old mother than peevish is
grown; She snubs us like children that
scarce walk alone; She forgets we’re
grown up and have sense of our own.”
• Ben Franklin
“ That picture up there
ain’t too appealing Lord
Snobbington!”
Colonists’ Reaction
Royal Seal
Stamp Act Crisis- 1765
F/I War caused tremendous
debt in England
 Colonists– help out! Quarter
troops!
 PM- George Grenville
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Sugar Act (1764)
 Quartering Act (1765)
 Stamp Act (1765)
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• Purpose--• British perspective--
Reaction
Jeopardized basic rights as Englishmen
 Colonists tried in admiralty courts
 “No taxation without representation!”
 Distinction between “legislation” and
“taxation”
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Role of Parliament
Grenville- “virtual representation”
Power of Parliament cannot be divided
Should British gov’t let colonists be
represented?
Virtual representation vs. Actual Representation
Reaction cont.
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Stamp Act Congress
Nine colonies meet in NYC
 Statement of grievances
 Importance of S.A. Congress--
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Nonimportation agreements
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Sons of Liberty/Daughters of
Liberty
Loud demands for repeal!
 Parliament repeals- passes
 Declaratory Act of 1766---
Taxes, Taxes, Taxes…
Charles Townshend- PM
 Townshend Acts (1767)
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Tea really irked colonists
 Used $$ to pay salaries of
royal governors and judges
Why colonists didn’t like this…
Letters From a Pennsylvania Farmer
(John Dickinson)
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Smuggling of tea
 British put regiments into Boston- 1768
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Boston “Massacre”
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Colonials resented British troops
Boston is NOT a “military” town
March 5, 1770
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60 townspeople turned on 10 Redcoats
British troops opened fire
Killed 5, wounded 6
Crispus Attucks
John Adams called on to defend the troops
Why would Adams do this?!
How could this
colonial-era
picture be
considered
“propaganda?”
Tensions Boil Over- 1773-1775
Committees of Correspondence
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Townshend duties failed to raise
revenue
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Parliament repeals Townshend
duties
Tax on tea was kept to ensure
taxation principle
Sam Adams--- “penman of the
revolution”
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Local committees of
correspondence
• Chief function—
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Intercolonial committees of
correspondence
• Effectiveness--
Let’s Have a Tea Party!!!
1773- rebellion not inevitable
 British East India Company17 million lbs. of unsold tea
 Awarded complete monopoly
over colonies
 Tea turned away
 Boston-- Dec. 16, 1773
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Sam Adams and Sons of
Liberty
 Reaction--- oooops!
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Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)
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Passed in response to the
Boston Tea Party
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Quebec Act (separate but …
bad timing)
Mass. made mistake- did
Britain make a bigger
mistake?
Colonies rallied around Mass.
Continental Congress Called!!!!
Fall of 1774
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Meeting in Philadelphia
• 12 colonies (except Georgia)
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First Continental Congress
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Deliberated from Sept. 5- Oct. 26
Consultive body
Creation of The Association
BOYCOTT
No drive towards independence
Creation of list of grievances
Congress would reconvene in
May 1775
• (what happens in April 1775?)
Battles of Lexington and Concord
April 1775
 British attempting to:
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• seize colonial gunpowder
• Capture John Hancock & Sam Adams
Lexington Massacre
 British suffered 300 casualties
(70 killed) at Concord
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“An Old Soldier Remembers…”
Battle Royale- Britain vs. Colonies
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British Strengths—
 Population
 Military power
• Hessians
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British Weaknesses-- European backdrop
 British public reluctance
 “Whig” faction of British gov’t wanted to see king fail
(supporters of Parliament)
 Military difficulties
 Distance
 Geography- colonists have “home-court” advantage
 “trade space for time” … what does this mean?
Battle Royale- Britain vs. Colonies
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Colonists’ Strengths--Leadership
 George Washington,
Ben Franklin, Marquis
de Lafayette
Defensive fighting
Moral advantage?
Colonial Weaknesses-- Poor organization
 State and sectional jealousies
 Economic issues
“minority movement”-----
Central theme/symbol to work information around---Names, Quotes, Questions, Issues, Events, Places, Terminology, Key People,
factual statements… (see ex.)--- sheet should be littered with these … (very little
white space!)
Raising a Military
20,000 men- to Boston
after Lexington/Concord
 Second Continental Congress- May 10,
1775
 Address grievances
 George Washington
selected to head military
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Why GW?
War of Inconsistencies-
1775-1776
June 1775- Breed’s Hill
(Bunker Hill)
 “Olive Branch Petition” August 1775 Hessians-- Conquering
Canada? (umm….)
- get French aid?
British set fire to Norfolk,
VA.
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Common Sense?
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Independence in Jan. 1776?
Increasingly harsh British---Publication of Common Sense
 Thomas Paine
• Inconsistencies don’t make
sense!! … hey! Get it?!
• Republicanism--• “virtue”--• Egalitarianism---• Defining republicanism lasts
another 100 years
Declaring Independence
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June 7, 1776- Richard Henry Lee—
Committee of five to draft
declaration– (turned over to T.J.)
Motion adopted on July 2, 1776
“Explanation of Independence”
Grievances addressed to the
Crown?- not Parliament?
Jefferson’s version vs. the “Final
Draft”
Reflection of Enlightenment values
“We must all hang together.”
- Ben Franklin
War for Independence1775-1783
The War for Independence: 1775-1783
Division in the Colonies
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Impact of D.O.I.—
“war within a war”—
Loyalists= Tories
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Patriots= Whigs
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Who were they?
Where were they?
Why wasn’t this as bloody as
the French or Russian
Revolutions?
“minority movement”—
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Who were they?
Where were they?
1776: From Despair to Triumph
Boston evacuated
(March)
 British in NYC– benefits- Battle of Long Island
 Gen. William Howe- Washington at Trenton,
Princeton
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Significance of victories--
British Strategy in the Colonies
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Cut NE off from
coloniesparalyze
American cause
 Burgoyne
pushes south
& meets
Howe coming
up Hudson
 Howe goes to
Philly instead
(2nd set of
orders)
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America: Story of Us video clip
Bring in the French!
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Burgoyne trapped north of
Albany by militiamen
Battle of Saratoga (Oct.
1777) Victory revives colonial
cause
 Gets France involved
 See the colonists as a
legitimate threat to British
 Enlightenment ideals fuel
many in France
Impact of French Involvement
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France aids colonists
Britain—
 Home rule?
 Not enough anymore
French alliance in 1778
Colonial war goes global-- Spain, Holland also enter
 Why?
Britain now focuses on NY area- base
GW will remain in NY hitting off and
on from 1778-1781
British Strategy Part II:
The Loyal South??
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Roll up the colonies from the
South
Gen. Nathaniel Greene–
Out west--• Role of Indians
• Treaty of Fort Stanwix—
• George Rogers Clark
At sea--• John Paul Jones
• Privateers
1. 1776-1777- cut
the “head” off the
colonies
3. Britain has control
of sea- forces at
Chesapeake Bay
(Yorktown)
2. “roll up” on the
South
End of the “Formal” Fighting
1780-1781- very “dark” period of warno $$ to pay soldiers, colonists invested in
war
 Sense of unity withering
 Battle of Yorktown--
video clip
1783: Peace at Paris
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Three American
negotiators• Ben Franklin
• John Adams
• John Jay
Playing off
European rivals—
 Treaty of Paris
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• Conditions
New Nation Emerges-
Socratic Question #1
Discuss the validity of the mercantilist
philosophy as adopted by the British
in the 1600s as well as how this
economic philosophy evolved by the
time the colonists openly rebelled in
the 1770s.
Socratic Question #2
To what extent had the
colonists developed a
sense of their identity and
unity as Americans by the
eve of the Revolution?