Transcript Information Management - Regional Environmental Center

Leaded Gasoline Phase-out in BiH
Current Status in Countries in the Region
Sarajevo, 6th November 2006
Ruslan Zhechkov, REC
This project is financed by UNEP
Background
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•
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Project funded by the UNEP
BiH roundtable ollow up to a regional project 2005-2006
Components:
country research;
regional conference and workshop;
identification of follow up measures and needs on a country and
regional level
• Building upon SILAQ – Sofia Initiative on Local Air Quality –
launched in 1995 at Environment for Europe Conference
• Covered countries – Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia,
Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Albania, Bulgaria,
Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Croatia, Macedonia
www.rec.org
Basic data
Country
Total consumption of crude
oil (in barrels)
Energy consumption by
transport (tones of oil
equivalent)
Albania
2,735,500
N/A
Bulgaria
BiH
44,134,9240
7,342,974
2,281,000
N/A
Croatia
32,000,000
1,790,000
Macedonia
8,938,260
Romania
82,448,400
3,541,000 (2000)
SCG
24,255,000
1,588,000
www.rec.org
Legislation: Air Quality and Fuel Quality
•
Air Quality: no transposition yet except Bulgaria and Romania – full
transposition of EU Air Quality Framework Directive 96/62/EC and
Daughter Directives; Emissions into Air: - 94/63/EC (VOCs from petrol);
1999/13/EC (VOCs from solvents); 1999/32/EC (Sulfur content in liquid
fuels)
• Fuel Quality: no transposition yet except BG, RO and Croatia which
transposed: Council regulation 2964/95 on registration of crude oil imports
and deliveries; EC Dir. 98/70/EC on quality of petrol and diesel fuels; EC Dir.
2003/17/EC amending 98/70/EC. Fuel standards for BG, RO, HR are
harmonised with 98/70/EC.
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• Main Fuel Quality Problems:
- insufficient control activities;
- few or no independent authorized laboratories;
- lack of testing equipment, personnel in labs, financial resources;
- database of fuel stations missing in many countries;
- illegal practices in the chain between refinery and car tank.
www.rec.org
Why Are Fuels Important?
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Fuel Constituents Directly Affect Emissions
Fuel Changes Can Immediately Impact on
Emissions/Air Quality
Fuel Composition Can Enable/Disable
Pollution Control Technology
ÖL
Source: Michael Walsh
Motivation For Improved
Fuels Qualities
Improved
fuel qualities
Reduced
emissions
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Gasoline – Lead/Sulfur
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Carbon monoxide (CO)
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Diesel –Sulfur
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Hydrocarbons (HC)
Other Parameters
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Nitrogen oxides (NOX)
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Particulate matter (PM)
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Sulfur (SO2)
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Polyaromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH)
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Greenhouse Gases
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Environmental
benefits
Improved
air quality
Source: Michael Walsh

Improved
human health
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Reduced
corrosion
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Improved crop
yield
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Less
acidification,
eutrophication
and forest
damage
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Climate Change
Fuel Quality Standards
Countries
Standards
Albania
In the phase of the preparation of the new standards according to
98/70/EC.
Bulgaria
EU standards applied. Petrol: SR EN 228:2004; Diesel SR EN
590:2004.
Croatia
98/70/EC has been transposed as of 05/2006.
Macedonia
Partially harmonized with EU Dir. 98/70/EC. Entered into force in
12/2004. Proposal for new standards for unleaded petrol 98+ and
EKO diesel.
Romania
EU standards applied. Petrol: SR EN 228:2004; Diesel SR EN
590:2004
SCG
For unleaded gasoline from 01.01.2006 the quality is according to
standard EN 228.
Turkey
Regulation TS 228, based on EN 228 of 98/70/EC completely ban
the use of leaded gasoline in 2006.
www.rec.org
Lead content in petrol – current status.
Countries
Status
Albania
Ban in 2005. 80% of cars - diesel. Problem with PM. 1 refinery (20% market). Other –
imported.
Bulgaria
Leaded petrol banned in 01/2004. Privatisation Neftochim by Lukoil. Fuel
requirements included in the contract. 1 refinery – 100% market.
BiH
Ban planned for 2010. 1 refinery still to be privatized (6%). Import – Croatia (64%),
Hungary (18%) and Serbia (11%)
Croatia
Lead banned since 1/2006. 2 refineries.
Macedonia
12/2004 decrease of lead content (leaded petrol) from 0.6 g/l to 0.15 g/l and from
0.02 g/l to 0.013 g/l in unleaded. Ban planned for 2006. Deadline will not be kept.
Legislation not ready. Refinery needs more time.
Romania
Lead banned since 12/2004. 8 refineries. MTBE used and other oxygenates.
SCG
60% leaded fuel on the market. 2 refineries in process of privatization. No
date for lead phase-out. Use of MMT.
Turkey
Lead banned in 1/2006. Problem with sulphur. 350ppm diesel – 75%. MMT and
potassium used.
CEE
Banned between 1995 (Slovakia and Slovenia) and 2003 (Poland). Fuel quality
compliant with EU legislation.
www.rec.org
Sulphur and lead content in petrol and diesel –
national specifications
Country
Nat.
specif.
(max)
(mg/kg)
– S in
petrol
Nat. specif.
(max)
(mg/kg) –
S in diesel
Nat.
specif.
(max)
(g/l) – Pb
in petrol
Albania
150
500
0.005
Bulgaria
150 (50
after 2007)
350 (50 after
1/1/2007)
0.005
BiH
50
50
0.005
Croatia
50
50
0.005
Macedonia
150
350
0.013
Romania
150 (50
after 2007)
350 (50 after
2007)
0.005
SCG
2,000
10,000
0.020
• Direction of quality
improvement in EU:
- gasoline: 150→50
- diesel 350→50
• Leading oil companies <10
(compulsory after 2009)
www.rec.org
Croatia
•
Regulation on petrol fuel quality adopted in May - transposition of 98/70/EC and
amendments relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels, and 1999/32/EC and
amendments relating to a reduction in the sulphur content in fuels.
• The national specification on content of Pb and S in fuel - same as those in EU.
• Only lead-free fuel is marketing in Croatia from 01. January 2006.
• Limit value of S content in fuels:
- petrol up to 50 mg/kg of fuel
- diesel up to 50 mg/kg of fuel
- gas oils and marine gas oils up to 0,2 % m/m
- marine diesel oils up to 1,5 % m/m
- heavy fuel oils up to 1,0 % m/m
• The investment process in refineries started and it will be finished till the end of 2011.
year. KTI is building Claus unit in Refinery Sisak and first stage of modern. of Refinery
Rijeka is in preparation. Plans are to invest 340 mil. euro in Sisak and 404 mil euro in
Rijeka.
• Under preparation:
- Regulation on the technical standards for environmental protection of VOC emissions
resulting from the storage and distribution of petrol” harmonized with Directive
94/63/EC for adoption. (final phase)
- Regulation dealing with emissions in the air from large stationary sources, harmonized
with LCP-Directive 2001/80/EC.
www.rec.org
Light-duty Vehicles Legislation
Directive 98/69/EC, since 1 January 2000
Source: P. Good, Commission DG Industry, Hart’s World Fuels & Refining Conference, Brussels 2005
www.rec.org
Vehicle emissions
Country
Number of
vehicles
Albania
274,652
Bulgaria
3,165,279
BiH
731,000
Croatia
1,461,000
Macedonia
444,000
Romania
3,318,208
SCG
1,801,000
Turkey
7,806,000
• Diesel passenger cars 10%-
30%. BiH (>50%), SCG (>30%)
• LDV, HDV, buses – mostly
diesel
• No info on converters - BiH
(57%), SCG (30%)
• Old fleet – mostly 11-20 years,
few new ones – BG (36%, >20
years)
• Own production – Romania
and SCG
• Limitations on import (age cap
BiH, MK, SCG)
• Domestic vehicle production –
Romania, SCG
www.rec.org
Proximity To Truck Traffic Linked To Lung Function in
Children
Lung Function in liter
2 100
2 040
FEV1
1 980
1 920
1 860
7500
12500
17500
22500
Truck Traffic Density
Source: Brunekreef, Epidemiology; 8: 298-303
www.rec.org
Promotion of environment friendly
vehicles
Countries
Measures
Bulgaria
Differentiation of customs fees acc. to age.
BiH
Age limit for import.
Croatia
EURO III engine installed for new cars and EURO II - for
used cars; Fee structure favours newer cars; Cars with
converters pay ½ registration fee.
Macedonia
Age limit for import.
Romania
Only EURO III motor vehicles. Scrappage programme.
SCG
Age limit for import.
Turkey
State subsidy for banning cars older than 30 years.
www.rec.org
Joint Conclusion from Conference (1)
Lead phase-out should involve:
Reducing sulphur should involve:
• lead removal from gasoline as soon as
feasible;
• instituting national regulations to ban
leaded gasoline, with official dates;
• improved monitoring/control of fuel
quality;
• information campaigns for better
understanding of lead phase-out (public,
fuel stations, possible blood level lead
monitoring) and applicability of unleaded
gasoline;
• launching of vehicle renewal programmes
(e.g. scrappage);
• improved vehicle import regulations (to
include age limits and catalytic converters);
and
• improved interaction on all levels of
governance.
• public awareness on the benefits of cleaner
fuels (including NGOs) and awareness for
decision makers
• highlighting the importance of fuel taxes to the
economy (check with government inspectors and
policy);
• ISO accredited labs that are independent from
producers (country specific);
• for poor quality refineries, designation of fuel
for non-transport use, for industrial boilers, and
marine, domestic heating (temporary measure);
• availability of mobile testing labs for testing fuel
quality (at least for sulphur and colour marking);
• modernising the equipment of state-owned
labs;
• training personnel on fuel quality control;
• higher tax for dirty fuels compared to cleaner
fuels;
• sliding scale for penalties (starting with lower);
and
• implementation of national plans for step-bystep sulphur reduction.
www.rec.org
Joint Conclusion from Conference (2)
Promoting cleaner vehicles should involve:
• public awareness raising;
• training for policy makers;
• improving access to information;
• introduction of fiscal incentives;
• launching a discussion on how to harmonise the second-hand car market (standardisation);
• introduction of differentiated environmental taxes;
• work with other stakeholders and the private sector; and
• retrofitting for older vehicles.
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The participants concluded that:
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There is a need for coordinated national and regional action for improvement of vehicle fuel
quality and reduction of vehicle emissions.
Fuels and vehicle quality and public transport issues need to be integrated in national and local
environmental and sustainable development plans.
There should be increased participation in the PCFV from CEE and Turkey. All participants from
this event are invited to join the PCFV.
A regional network of experts and practitioners is established to support the above actions. In close
cooperation with the PCFV, the REC will facilitate the network operation.
www.rec.org
Other Recommendations
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Exchange of experiences with other countries;
Needs assessment for the development and use of non-lead lubricating
additives;
Research into the feasibility of using unleaded gasoline in cars with soft
exhaust valve seats;
Ensuring access to the necessary financial support for refinery
modernization;
Technological development of refineries;
Requirements for lead phase-out in the privatization of refineries;
Introduction and enforcement of vehicle emissions and gasoline standards;
Modernization of the control system for periodic technical inspection of
vehicles;
Fitting of cars with catalytic converters and other pollution control devices;
Development of the production and distribution systems to improve the
supply of unleaded gasoline and lubricating additives;
Implementation of policy incentives to increase the market share of
unleaded gasoline and speed up the complete phase-out of leaded gasoline.
www.rec.org
• Consult the Central and Eastern Europe Clean
Fuels and Vehicles website http://www.rec.org/rec/programs/pcfv/
• Join the CEE fuels and vehicles experts mailing
list!
www.rec.org
Thank you!
[email protected]
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