Transcript Ireland in the 20th Century

Ireland in the 20th Century
3rd Year History
Divisions
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Pro-Treaty (Regulars or
Free State Army) V Anti
Treaty (Irregulars or
Republicans)
Both sides grabbed
barracks as the British
left
Irregulars took 4 Courts
Collins won election well.
When 4 Courts
Irregulars took a Regular
general, Collins attacked
them. He won easily
with British artillary.
The Munster Republic
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Limerick to Waterford
Collins used ships to
surround the
irregulars (Anti
Treaty)
Irregulars led by Liam
Lynch.
Ignored Devs orders
Death of Collins and Griffith
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August 1922
Griffith had brain
haemorrhage
Beal na mBlath
WT Cosgrave and
Kevin O Higgins
took over
Guerilla Warfare
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Did not work well because:
Free State had support of most
people
They knew the land as well
Great brutality on both sides
April 1923 Liam Lynch killed. Frank
Aiken and DeV called a ceasefire
Results
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Death and
destruction
Lost leaders
Bitterness
Political Parties
(Fine Gael +
Fianna Fail have
roots in civil war
Governing Ireland
in 1900
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Irish MPs and lords
in Westminster
Lord Lieutenant
represented King
Chief Secretary
represented British
government
Nationalists
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Vast majority supported
Irish Parliamentary Party
(Home Rule Party).
Led by John Redmond
84 of 105 seats in 1910
Home Rule meant a
parliament in Dublin to
deal with internal affairs
Peaceful means.
Had support of the
Liberal Party.
IRB
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Secret
revolutionary
organisation
Responsible for
1867 Fenian Rising
Complete
independent
Republic
Supported by Irish
in USA
Sinn Féin
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Arthur Griffith
1905
Dual monarchy
Abstentionist
Tariffs to develop
industry
Small until after
1916
Unionists
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Wanted to stay in UK.
No HR. 3 reasons
Felt British
Home rule = Rome
rule
Fear of losing trade
links
Carson and Craig
Supported by
Conservatives (Empire
would fall apart)
Labour Movement
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Poor state of workers in
Ireland
James Larkin from
Liverpool set up ITGWU
William Martin Murphy
and Employers
Federation = Lockout
Police, government and
Catholic Church
supported employers.
After 5 months workers
defeated
ITGWU did not die
Cultural Nationalism and the
Emergence of New Movements
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GAA
Gaelic League
Irish Literary
Revival
The Home Rule Bill
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1910 the Liberal
government needed the
support of the Home
Rule Party (84 seats)
1911 Liberals passed
The Parliament Act.
House of Lords could
only delay bills for 2
years.
1912 Third Home Rule
Bill became law.
1914 WW1 broke out.
1916 the Irish didn’t
want Home Rule
Unionist Opposition
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Took different forms
Demonstrations and
speeches by Carson
and Craig
Solemn League and
Covenant
UVF
Larne (35000 rifles)
The Curragh Mutiny
Nationalist Reaction
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Eoin MacNeill wrote
‘The North Began’
IVF
IRB involvement
Howth gun running
(900 rifles) Asgard
WW1 stopped Civil
War
REACTION TO WORLD WAR 1
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Unionists joined 36th
Ulster Division to show
support for the union
Redmond’s speech at
Woodenbridge split IVF
Those who supported
Redmond became the
National Volunteers and
joined the British army
Those who supported
MacNeill kept IVF name
(IRB mainly)
250,000 Irishmen fought
in WW1. 30,000 to
40,000 died
THE 1916 RISING
Plans for a Rising
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IRB ‘England’s difficulty is
Ireland’s opportunity’
Military Council (Thomas
Clarke, Patrick Pearse, Sean
McDermott, Thomas Mac
Donough, Joseph Plunkett
and Eamon Ceannt)
James Connolly and the Irish
Citizen’s Army persuaded to
join.
Roger Casement. 20,000
rifles from Germany on the
Aud.
MacNeill would not take part
unless they were attacked
first. The Castle document
was forged. MacNeill was
deceived and agreed to allow
the IVF take part at Easter
Plans go wrong
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Aud captured and
scuttled.
Casement arrested
and hanged.
MacNeill found out
the Castle
Document was a
forgery and called
off manoeuvres on
Easter Sunday
The Rising goes ahead
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Military Council decided to go ahead on Easter
Monday.
Rising confined to Dublin and bound for military
failure
Pearse and the Proclamation
1500 rebels took key buildings in the city (GPO,
Boland’s Mills, Jacob’s Factory, The Four Courts)
Failure to take Dublin Castle a big mistake.
British reinforcements from the Curragh and
England.
The Helga shelled the GPO
Saturday, unconditional surrender
The Results of the Rising
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
500 killed, more injured, much damage
Dubliners angry with rebels
Martial law (2000 interned)
90 sentenced to death. 15 executed in
Kilmainham Jail. Irish minds were
changed. Home Rule finished.
Sinn Féin got blamed and became
popular. It changed its aim to an Irish
Republic. DeValera became its leader.
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The Conscription Crisis
Compulsory military service further
boosted Sinn Fein’s popularity
The 1918 General Election
73 seats for Sinn Fein
Called their MPs Teachtaí Dála and
refused to take seats.
1919 Dáil Éireann set up.
THE INDEPENDENCE
STRUGGLE
Sinn Féin and the First Dail
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1919 Mansion House
27 TDs only, jail or on the run
First meeting issued:
Declaration of Independence
A message to the Free Nations of the
World
A programme to improve living and
working conditions
Sinn Féin and the First Dail
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At a later meeting DeValera
(rescued) elected president
Collins was Minister for Finance;
Markieviec (labour), Griffith (home
affairs and vice-president)
The Dail:
Got control of Local gov.
Set up their own courts
Got loans
The War of Independence
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Same day of First
Dail, Soloheadbeg
happened (Breen,
Treacy and others). 2
RIC dead, stole
gelignite.
Early stages, RIC
main target of
guerrilla campaign.
The War of Independence
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Collins Director of
Intelligence.
The Squad.
£10,000 reward.
Flying Columns
(Tom Barry, Liam
Lynch, Ernie O
Malley) victories at
Kilmichael and
Crossbarry.
The British Response
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Black and tans
Auxiliaries
Could not cope with
guerrilla warfare and
carried out reprisals
(Cork, Balbriggan,
burnings, beatings
and murder)
The Government of
Ireland Act 1920
Major incidents of the War of
Independence
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Tomás MacCurtain,s
murder
Terence MacSwiney’s
74 day hunger strike
Bloody Sunday 21st of
Nov 1920. 11 agents
killed. 12 in Croke
park (Michael Hogan).
Burning of Customs
House (80 of Dublin
brigade gone)
Peace
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People wanted peace.
IRA out of ammo and short of men.
Bad publicity for British Gov.
Costing a lot of money
DeValera and Lloyd George agreed
a ceasefire.
THE IRISH CIVIL WAR
Divisions
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Pro-Treaty (Regulars or Free State Army)
V Anti Treaty (Irregulars or Republicans)
Both sides grabbed barracks as the British
left
Irregulars took 4 Courts
Collins won election well.
When 4 Courts Irregulars took a Regular
general, Collins attacked them.
He won easily with British artillary.








The Munster Republic
Limerick to Waterford
Collins used ships to surround Irregulars
Death of Collins and Griffith
August 1922
Griffith had brain haemorrhage
Beal na mBlath Collins shot
WT Cosgrave and Kevin O Higgins took
over
Guerilla Warfare
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Did not work well because:



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
Free State had support of most people
They knew the land as well
Great brutality on both sides
April 1923 Liam Lynch killed.
Frank Aiken and DeV called a ceasefire
Results
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Death and destruction
Lost leaders
Bitterness
Political Parties (FF, FG and Sinn
Fein all have roots in Civil war)