Transcript Document

SESSION 5
INTEGRATING GENDER INTO VALUE
CHAINS - THEORY
SESSION GOAL
To enable workshop participants to:
• become familiar with value chain analysis
• understand the process of gender analysis in value chain
development
VALUE CHAIN CONCEPTS
A Value Chain
…is a linked set of activities and enterprises that
brings a product from conception through
disposal.
Value chain
Supply chain
Market chain
GLOBAL commodity chain
filiere (thread)
INTERNATIONAL ASSEMBLY LINE
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MAP OF A VALUE CHAIN
VALUE CHAIN CONCEPTS
Value Chain Analysis
… is the process of documenting and analyzing the
operation of a value chain, and usually involves
mapping the chain actors and calculating the value
added along its different links
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VALUE CHAIN CONCEPTS
Competitiveness
…is the ability of a firm or industry to develop
and maintain an edge over market rivals
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COMPETITIVENESS CONTINUED
Competitiveness can be achieved through:
• producing and delivering goods and services more
efficiently
• differentiating products or services through quality;
standards and branding
• exploiting new market demand
The Value Chain Framework Briefing Paper, AMAP
VALUE CHAIN CONCEPTS
Upgrading
…is a process of increasing the economic
competitiveness of enterprises, occupying new
positions in a global value chain. or delivering to new
markets and buyers. Upgrading is achieved by, e.g.,
improving working conditions, job and employment
security, and maintaining a clean environment are all
important means by which to upgrade.
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UPGRADING CONTINUED
Types of Upgrading:
• Chain upgrading: moving to a new chain
• Functional upgrading: changing the mix of activities
• Process upgrading: increasing the efficiency
• Product upgrading: introducing new products
COMMON VALUE CHAIN
CONSTRAINTS
• Small land holdings
• Low productivity or lack of access to productive
technologies
• Limited range of finance and credit options
• Lack of access to affordable inputs and BDS
• Weak producer associations
• Weak market linkages
• Lack of access to market information
• Lack of coordination between public and private sector
stakeholders
• Trust
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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SHIFT
TO PRODUCING IN VALUE CHAINS
• Shift from production processed
that draws on indigenous or local
knowledge to practices that
depend on technical knowledge
received from other input
suppliers or buyers
• Increasing coordination of the
activities from production to end
user
• More complex contractual
arrangements
• Greater concentration in
procurement processes and end
retailing
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VALUE CHAINS FOR DEVELOPMENT
• Global value chains can create employment opportunities
and improve living standards for the poor
• To achieve this design and implementation of projects
must aim to:
– increase the total amount and value of products that the poor sell
in value chains; and,
– sustain the share of the poor in a given sector or increase their
margins per product, so that
– poor producers and employees gain both an absolute increase in
income as well as an increase in the relative income of the poor
compared to other actors along the chain
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PART 2
GENDER AND VALUE CHAIN
ANALYSIS
WHAT DOES IT MEAN?
• Looking beyond women’s role as
farm laborers towards increasing their
participation as farmer-entrepreneurs
• Recognizing that women and men
can be equally productive when given
access to equivalent agricultural
inputs and technology
• Providing more equitable
access to all factors of
production: land, labor,
water, credit, and information
for both women and men
WHY DOES IT MATTER?
• Increasing women’s employment increases economic
growth
• Increasing women’s employment can reduce poverty
• Addressing gender constraints to employment and
productivity can increase competitiveness
• Ignoring gender may limit the strategies considered
APROACHES TO ADDRESSING
GENDER ISSUES IN VALUE CHAINS
• Analysis of men and women’s distribution throughout
the chain
• Analysis of gender relations that influence patterns
described and measured in value chains
GENDER VCA APPROACHES
GATE’S Two Gender VCA Approaches
RESEARCH
• Describe men and women’s
roles in value chains
• Reveal sex segmentation
and gender bias in labor
markets
• Link economic data to power
and gender differences
along the chain
IMPLEMENTATION
• Examine underlying gender
issues using a qualitative
gender analysis framework
• Link gender analysis to
program objectives
• Build the capacity of USAID
and partner staff to
recognize gender constraints
and opportunities in value
chain programs
A GENDER AND PRO-POOR VALUE
CHAIN ANALYSIS
GATE uses a gender and pro-poor value chain analysis:
• to explore the nature of production and the terms and
conditions of employment along a specific chain; and,
• to identify opportunities to improve market outcomes,
raise productivity and wages, and foster pro-poor
growth in the sector
GATE conducted two gender and pro-poor value chain
analyses examining the shrimp sector in Bangladesh
and the artichoke sector in Peru.
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APPROACH
The value chain analysis is conducted from a
distributional perspective:
• Segmentation analysis of labor markets by sex
• Estimating costs, returns and value-added
• Multipliers and spillover effects
METHODOLOGY
Mixed Methods Data Collection
• Quantitative
– Primary data collection through surveys
– Secondary analysis of household surveys and national
accounts data
• Qualitative
– Key informant interviews
– Group interviews
• All data is disaggregated by sex
PRO-POOR ANALYSIS OF SHRIMP
SECTOR IN BANGLADESH
• Valuable export crop: in 2004, over $360 million
annually in earnings and 4.9 percent of foreign
exchange
• Ranks second in foreign exchange
• Generates signification employment
• Two types cultivated
– Saltwater shrimp (Bagda)
– Freshwater shrimp (Golda)
• Farm methods range from traditional to semiintensive
PRO-POOR ANALYSIS OF SHRIMP
SECTOR IN BANGLADESH
Sex Segmentation Along The Chain
• Women and men cluster in
different segments of the
chain and have clearly
gender-defined tasks, roles
and responsibilities
• Wage differentials: Women
earn between 70-80% of
men’s wages
• Women are
disproportionately temporary
or casual workers: 70% of all
temporary workers in
processing
PRO-POOR ANALYSIS OF SHRIMP
SECTOR IN BANGLADESH
Power and Inequality Along the Chain
 Small producers and women are the most vulnerable
participants in the chain
 Small producers are locked into sub-optimal
contracts
 Women are invisible at certain nodes or in
casual/temporary labor
 Intermediaries, larger farmers, and processors have
more power to negotiate
PRO-POOR ANALYSIS OF SHRIMP
SECTOR IN BANGLADESH
Illustrative Program and Policy Recommendations
• Develop a Welfare Fund to extend benefits, including health
care and pensions, to informal and subcontracted workers
• Increase cultivation of ‘golda’ prawn which is less virus
prone; earns consistently higher prices; cultivated in smaller
household ponds; greater involvement of women
• Expand spot markets and inject credit to release many small
farmers and intermediaries from usurious contracts
GENDER AND PRO-POOR ANALYSIS
OF ARTICHOKE SECTOR IN PERU
Overview
• Two varieties of artichokes:
– Traditional variety, “Criolla”
– Export variety, “Hybrid”
• Two modes of production:
– Coastal
– Highland
•
•
•
•
USD 70 million in exports (2006)
20% of US market
Potential to produce all year
Opportunities to expand acreage
and number of small producers
GENDER AND PRO-POOR ANALYSIS
OF ARTICHOKE SECTOR IN PERU
Sex Segmentation Along the Chain
• Women make up 51 percent
of employment along the
chain
• Women and men cluster in
different occupations
• Women are employed for
specific tasks: peeling,
cutting and de-leafing
GENDER AND PRO-POOR ANALYSIS
OF ARTICHOKE SECTOR IN PERU
Economic Spillovers
• Forward linkages are strong
• Greatest backward linkages
are with small and mediumsized farmers who capture
least amount of value-added
along the chain
• Promoting better sales price
for small and medium
producers would amplify
spillover effects and create
more dynamism
GENDER AND PRO-POOR ANALYSIS
OF ARTICHOKE SECTOR IN PERU
Illustrative Program and Policy Recommendations
• Strengthen mechanisms for labor supervision to hold
processing plants accountable for providing adequate benefits
for their men and women workers
• Increase agricultural product portfolios including use of
traditional artichoke varieties to expand the market opportunities
of small and medium-sized farmers
• Develop an appropriate technological package that includes
low-cost irrigation technology and use of local inputs
WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT CHALLENGES
FACING WOMEN AND MEN?
Can women/men be incorporated in value chains in a
way that improves farm enterprise and/or sector
competitiveness?
The challenges to women/men are:
• Meeting quality and environmental standards
• Maintaining consistent and reliable supplies
• Meeting the costs of certification
• Identifying multiple sales outlets
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INTEGRATING GENDER INTO
VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT
• Map the participation of men and women in the value
chain
• Identify the gender-based constraints and
opportunities
• Design solutions to remove gender-based constraints
• Construct indicators to measure success of action
• Revise program objectives as needed to be more
gender-sensitive
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IDENTIFYING GENDER-BASED
CONSTRAINTS
Identifying the Gender Constraint in the General Constraint
General Constraints
• Small land holdings
• Limited range of finance and
credit options
• Lack of access to market
information
• Low productivity
Gender-based Constraints
• Laws or customs that restrict
women’s land ownership
• Bank policies that do not
allow a married woman to
obtain a loan without her
husband’s signature
• Social norms limit women’s
networking abilities
• Inequitable distribution of
harvest income
IDENTIFYING GENDER-BASED
CONSTRAINTS
GENERAL CONSTRAINT
GENDER-BASED CONSTRAINT
Small landholdings
Laws or customs that restrict
women’s land ownership
Limited range of finance and
credit options
Bank policies that require a
married women to obtain her
husband’s signature
Lack of access to market
information
Social norms that limit
women’s networking abilities
Low productivity
Inequitable distribution of
household income
DESIGNING SOLUTIONS
GENDER-BASED CONSTRAINTS
Social norms limit women’s
networking abilities
POSSIBLE SOULTIONS
• Use multiple mediums for communicating
price and marketing information (e.g. cell
phones and radio)
• Increase women’s participation in
producer associations
Inequitable distribution of
harvest income
• Promote joint accounts or accounts in
women’s names
• Create innovative payment incentives
to ensure married women producers
receive returns from their labor