Transcript Units 1 & 2 Review

5-10% of exam
Areas to Know:
•Latin America
:
everywhere from Mexico
south…but NOT USA
•Middle East: can include
Egypt
•East Asia: China
•South Asia: India
•Southeast Asia: primarily
areas like Vietnam,
Cambodia, Thailand,
Philippines, Indonesia
•Oceania: Australia, New
Zealand, nearby islands
•Remember that the divide
btwn Euro & Asia is in
Russia
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Projections: problem of distortion in all
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Robinson most common
Two common types
Reference: shows cities, boundaries, mtns, roads
 Thematic: shows a particular feature such as average
snowfall, language, voting patterns
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Small scale=more land shown, less detail
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World map
Large scale=less land shown, more detail
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Map of Wake Forest
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Formal (uniform)
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Functional (Nodal)
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Distinct characteristics recognized by all
EX: North Carolina (lines are drawn, recognized)
Organized around a focal point
Often ties to transportation, communication, or trade—
focuses on interactions
EX: The I-85 corridor or Atlanta Metro
Vernacular (perceptual)
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Based on personal beliefs and cultural identity
EX: The South: how to we define? (dialect, climate?)
13-17% of exam
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Most populated:
 East Asia
 South Asia
 Western Europe
 North America
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Arithmetic Density
 Avg population per unit of land
 Japan has higher density than USA (approx
880 vs 80 ppl per sq mile)
Physiological Density
 # of people per unit of ARABLE land
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Changes in population of countries experiencing
industrialization
Stage 1: high birth, high death=low pop growth
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Stage 2: high birth, low death=high pop growth
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Improvements in medicine and living conditions
Stage 3: moderate birth, low death=moderate
growth
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Many die from disease, famine
Lower birth rate b/c of delayed marriage/fewer kids
Stage 4/5: low birth, low death=low/zero growth
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Women are highly educated, working
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1. every migration has a counter
migration
2. majority move a short distance
3. most choose big-city destinations
4. urban residents migrate less often
than rural
5. Young single adults most likely to
migrate
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1700s: Atlantic Slave Trade
1700s- 1800s: British movement to North
America, Australia, South Africa
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Movement to colonies in Asia/Africa, job
opportunities in America
WWII (asylum)
Post-CW and WWI: African American
migrations to American NE and Midwest
Most US migrants from Latin America today
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Folk (Local) vs Popular
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Popular
 Heterogeneous people worldwide, often urban
 Role of technology in diffusion
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Folk
 Generally, smaller, more homogenous
 Material culture as a reflection of nonmaterial cultural
beliefs
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Cultural Appropriation
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Neolocalism
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Reinvigorating a local culture
Commodification
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Other cultures adopt a custom and use for their own
benefit
Making something an object to be bought/sold
Ex: Religious figure on a piece of toast sold on eBay
Assimilation
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to force minority group to become part of the
dominant culture
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Renfrew Hypothesis
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I-E began in Fertile Crescent, then fanned out
through Anatolia (Turkey) into Europe
Dispersal Hypothesis
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I-E began in present-day Iran, then moved
counterclockwise around the Caspian Sea into
Europe
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Universalizing
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Appeals to the masses, seeks converts
Big 3: Christianity, Islam, Buddhism
Ethnic
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Relatively concentrated distribution
Big 2: Judaism and Hinduism
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State characteristics
Permanent population
 Defined territory
 Organized gov’t
 Recognized by other states
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Sovereignty:
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Political and military control over territory
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Nation=cultural defined group that shares
common past and future
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Refers to PEOPLE
Options
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Nation-State:
 LAND (state) and PEOPLE (nation) occupy same space
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Multinational state: multiple nations occupy one state
 Former Yugoslavia
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Multistate nation: one nation crosses into multiple states
 Transylvania (occupies Romania and Hungary)
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Stateless nation: a nation with no specific state of their
own
 Kurds
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Wallerstein’s World Systems
World ecn has one market & global division of labor
 Despite multiple states, almost everything takes
place in context of world ecn
 World ecn has three tiers
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 Core
 Semi-periphery
 Periphery
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Unitary
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Federal
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Strong central gov’t
Attempt unified culture, suppression of regional
differences
More control in hands of region/local gov’t
Promotes regional differences
EX=USA
Devolution: movement of power from central
to regional
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Ratzel’s Organic State
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Mackinder’s Heartland
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Life cycle of a state
Food to prolong life=LAND
Land-based power will rule the world
Power=control Eurasia (heart) then spread to oceans
Spykman’s Rimland
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Control the coast to control the interior
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Hexagon
Explains the size and spacing of cities that
specialize in selling goods/services
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Large cities further apart than towns/villages
Affected by physical barriers, uneven resource
distribution, etc
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Functional zonation=how is the city divided
into certain regions (zone) and for what
purpose (function)?
North American models
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Concentric Zone (Burgess)
Sector (Hoyt)
Multiple Nuclei (Harris)
Others
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African City (deBlij)
Latin American City (Griffin-Ford)
Southeast Asian (McGee)
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Southwest Asia: seed crops
Sauer: South Asia w root crops
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Primary=close to ground (Agric, mining)
Secondary=turning primary into new products
Teritary=service industry—facilitates trade
Quaternary=info or the exchange of goods
Quinary=tied to research or higher ed
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Agricultural land use
as related to market
1. dairy/market
gardening=perishable
 2. forest=lumber, fuel
 3. Grains/field
crops=need more
land, less perishable
 4. Ranching=need for
lots of land
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4 Major Regions
N America
 Russia/Ukraine
 East Asia
 Central/Western Europe
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Primary Regions in US
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New England
Mid Atlantic
Pittsburgh/Lake Erie
Western Great Lakes
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Bulk-reducing industry
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Final produce weighs less or comprises a lower
volume than the input
EX: pennies (copper to produce weighs more than
product itself)
Bulk-gaining industry
Final product weighs more or has greater volume
than the inputs
 EX: soft drink bottling (individual components of
drink weigh less than final, full Coke bottle)
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Break of Bulk Point
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Fordist vs Post-Fordist Industry
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Location where goods are transferred from one
mode of transportation to another
EX: shipyard where trucks deliver materials to load
onto transport ships
Production of goods at a SINGLE site (assembly line)
vs outsourcing
Bid rent
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Price and demand on real estate increases with
proximity to CBD
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5 stage model theorizing that countries all
move in similar stages of development
Traditional
 Preconditions for takeoff
 Takeoff
 Drive to maturity
 High mass consumption
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Doesn’t account for context/influences of
development
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Creates 3 tiers (core, periphery, semiperiphery)
Creates a system where movement isn’t likely
btwn tiers, and core exploit periphery
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Weber’s Least Cost Theory
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Industry location based on
 Transportation of materials
 Labor costs
 Agglomeration—more likely to clump together
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Hotelling Locational Interdependence
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If goal is to max sales, must consider location of
similar industry
Losch’s Zone of Profitability
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Goal is to max profit based on demand and
production costs