Transcript History of Education: After the Civil War

History of Education:
After the Civil War
Chapter 5C - Foundations
Hispanic American Education
~ Fastest growing ethnic group
* From Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central America,
South America, Mexico
* Majority in California, Texas, and Florida
~ 1917: Puerto Rico became a commonwealth of
the U.S. and the people became citizens of
the US
~ Some believe bilingual education s necessary for
more Hispanics to succeed in school
Asian American Education
1850s – found jobs in the gold mines and railroads
1882 – Chinese Exclusion Act
1924 – Oriental Exclusion Act
During WWII – relocated to internment camps &
their property was confiscated
1970s – Influx of Koreans, Vietnamese,
Cambodians, Laotians, Thais
Exceptional Learners




In early 20th century, conditions were
overcrowded, impersonal, sometimes inhumane
Scientists began measuring & classifying
disabilities in the mid-20th century
Public school began adding classes & programs
for exceptional learners
1960s – Civil Rights movement brought
changes:
 Such as early intervention and integration
American Women

1920 – Right to Vote Amendment

1964: Equal Employment Act
 no

job discrimination, including by gender
1972: Title IX of the Education Amendments Act
 guaranteed
no person could be excluded from an
education program or activity based on gender
 greatest impact on public education: was in sports.
* Girls must be given equal access to
coaching and equipment

1974 Women’s Educational Equity Act (WEEA)
 Attacked
sex discrimination in education professions
Teaching After the Civil War

1920 – 86% of teachers were women, but most
administrators were men
 marriage
was seen as a liability
 (women lost their job once married)

Progressive movement was encouraged:
 schools
should focus on students’ needs and
interests, rather than the teachers’

John Dewey advocated:
 child-centered
education and suggested integrating
subjects with social activities
Teaching After the Civil War

(cont.)
1957 – Sputnik- Soviet Union put the first
satellite into space
 greater
emphasis on math, science and foreign
language

1958 – National Defense Education Act (NDEA)
 provided
money for upgrading math, science, foreign
language, and guidance departments

2002 – No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA)
Schools After the Civil War

Most schools were small & rural in late
1800s/early 1900s

1920s
 rural
districts combined to increase resources
and centralize administration

sometimes required long bus routes
 city
districts were patterned after the factory
model:

a superintendent, a few principals, and many
teachers
Schools After the Civil War
(cont.)

1940s – preschools were popular and
funded until federal funds were withdrawn
and preschools were closed

1960s – Head Start began to serve 4 & 5
year olds
 Most
of these students were economically
disadvantaged
Schools After the Civil War
(cont.)
 School Organization:
 Late 19th/early 20th century:
 Elementary = K-8; High School = 9-12
 saw an increase in public high schools and
a decrease in private schools
 high schools offered many courses for
students with diverse needs, interests and
abilities
Schools After the Civil War

(cont.)
1920s school organization (6-3-3)
 Elementary
= 1-6; Junior High = 7-9; High School =
10-12

1950-60s school organization (6-2-4)
 Elementary
= 1-6; Junior High = 7-8; High School = 912 increase in higher education

21st century (4-4-4)
 Elementary
= 9-12
= K-4; Middle School = 5-8; High School
Schools After the Civil War
(cont.)
School Curriculum
1893: Committee of Ten on Secondary
School Studies
- standardized high school curriculum across the US
1895: Committee of Fifteen
- addressed standardized elementary curriculum
21st century curriculum is assessed by the
NAEP test:
- National Assessment of Educational Progress