Transcript พยาธิใบไม้ของสัตว์เคี้ยว

พยาธิใบไม้ ของสั ตว์ เคีย้ วเอือ้ ง
(Trematode of Ruminant)
Trematode of Ruminant
• Family Fasciolidae
• F. gigantica, F. hepatica
• Family Dicrocoelidae
• Dicrocoelium dendriticum
• Eurytrema pancreaticum
• Family Paramphistomatidae
• Subfamily Paramphistominae
• Subfamily Gastrothylaxinae
“Rumen Fluke”
• Subfamily Gastrodiscinae
• Family Schistosomatidae
Schistosoma spindalis
Family Fasciolidae
• Organ: bile duct
• Host: cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, man
• Species
F. hepatica: warm to cold climate
F. gigantica: tropical zone
• Morphology
– leaf like
– oral sucker close to ventral sucker
– spiny tegument
– short pharynx & esophagus
– branches: intestinal caeca, testis,
ovary, vitelline gland
– genital pore: anterior to ventral
sucker
– no seminal receptacle
Fasciola sp.
• Egg: large, thin shell, operculum,
embryonic cells
Fasciola hepatica
• Disease:
Fascioliasis,
Liver Rot
• Organ: bile duct
• Size: 3.0 x 1.3 cm
Life
cycle
Development in Intermediate Host
• Miracidium: penetration into snail
• Sporocyst: 5-8 redia
• Redia: 20 cercaria
• Cercaria: cystogenous gland
• Metacercaria: a few minutes to 2
hours
Redia & Cercaria
Development in Final Host
Metacercaria
(duodenum)
Mature fluke
(8th wk)
Bile duct
Young fluke
Abdominal cavity
Liver capsule
(5-6th wk)
Metacercaria on Plant
metacercaria
Epidemiology
• Hatching factor: temp 10-26 C
• Temperature of intermediate host
• Size of intermediate host
• Environ. affecting growth of snail
• Temp. affecting on metacercaria
Immunity against Liver Fluke
• antibody: only in experimental animals
• adult sheep: susceptible to (re) infection
• cattle: more resistance
• host of F. hepatica: mammals
(horse, mule, deer, pig, man, rabbit)
Pathogenesis
• depends on # metacercaria ingested
• damage: migration of young adult fluke
through liver parenchyma, bile duct
• disease : 2 types (acute & chronic form)
Acute Fascioliasis
• rare case: sheep, goat > cattle, buffalo
• ingestion of huge # of metacercaria
• signs: traumatic hepatitis (migration),
rupture of liver capsule, internal bleeding
• PM: hepatomegaly, pale, fibrinous clot,
haemorrhagic tract
• secondary bacterial infection
• Clostridium oedematiens
“Black Disease”
Chronic Fascioliasis
• Pathogenesis: anemia, albumin
decreased, hepatic fibrosis
• post-necrotic scarring
• ischaemic fibrosis
• peribiliary fibrosis
• monolobular fibrosis
Chronic Fascioliasis
• Calcification, bilie duct obstruction
“pipe-stem liver”
• Lung
• calcification, cyst
Migratory Tracks: pipe-stem liver
Thickness of Bile Duct
Clinical Pathology
• acute: sudden dead
• subacute: anemia, pale mm., edema,
hepatomegaly, ascites
• chronic: anemia, emaciation, pale
m.m., edema “bottle jaw”, ascites,
eosinophilia, low production
“bottle jaw”
Diagnosis
1. History taking
2. Clinical signs
3. Fecal examination
4. Post mortem examination
5. Serological examination:
serum enzyme (GLDH, GGT)
Treatment
1. Triclabendazole (Fasinex): 20
mg/kg
2. Rafoxanide: 7.5 mg/kg
3. Nitroxynil: 10 mg/kg, S.C.
4. Oxyclozanide
Treatment
5. Closantel: 10 mg/kg, S.C. = 1 ml/20 kg
6. Niclofolan: 3 mg/kg, S.C. = 1.1 ml/50 kg
7. Albendazole: 10 mg/kg
8. Bithional sulphoxide: 40 mg/kg
Prevention & Control
1. anthelmintic treatment: twice a year
2. control & elimination of snail:
CuSO4
3. fencing of water resource
Human Fascioliasis
• Intermediate host:
–F. hepatica: L. truncata
–F. gigantica: L. auricularia rubiginosa
• Thailand: F. gigantica
• Infection: metacercaria (water plant)
Pathology
• young adult: peritonitis, urticaria, liver
abscesses
• adult: thickness, inflammation, fibrosis,
obstruction of bile duct
• clinical signs: jaundice, pain, anorexia,
vomiting, fever, anemia
• Ectopic migration
young adult
• brain
• lung
• eye
• pancreas
Diagnosis
• History taking
• Fecal examination
• Serological examination:
immunodiffusion, FA test
• Biopsy: ectopic case
Treatment
• Praziquantel: 25 mg/kg, 2-3 days
• surgical remove: ectopic case
Prevention & Control
1. understanding of Fascioliasis
2. treatment
3. elimination of intermediate host
Fasciola Gigantica
• Morphology
– similar to F. hepatica
– size: 1.2 x 2.5-7.5 cm
Life cycle
• intermediate host:
L. auricularia rubiginosa
• miracidium ----> cercaria = 35-48 days
• prepatent period: 4 months
Epidemiology
• Lymnaea
– ขนาดเล็ก, ไม่มีฝา
– รู ปร่ างคล้ายเจดีย ์ เปลือกบางเปราะแตกง่าย
– สี เหมือนเขาสัตว์ ยอดแหลม
– ขนาด: 12-32 x 17-20 mm
Lymnaea spp.
• Host
–high incidence in hosts age > 1 year
• Cercaria
–high # in December - April
Pathogenesis & Clinical signs
• sheep: acute & chronic form
• cattle: chronic form
–weakness, anorexia, pale mm
–bottle jaw, wt loss
–calcification, thickness of bile duct
“bottle jaw”
Enlargement of gall bladder
bile duct thickening
Liver fluke in bile duct
Liver fluke in bile duct
Liver fluke in gall bladder
Fasciola gigantica
Fasciola gigantica
Treatment
• ยาถ่ายพยาธิเช่นเดียวกับที่รักษาใน
F. hepatica
• ควรมีการถ่ายพยาธิปีละ 2 ครั้ง
• กันยายน
• เมษายน
Fascioloides magna
• Host: deer, other ruminants
• Organs: liver, lung (rare)
• Morphology
–Oval shape, 11-26 x 23-100 x 2-4.5
mm
Fascioloides magna
Life cycle & Pathogenesis
• intermediate host: Fossaria parva,
Lymnaea spp., Stagnicola spp.
• liver: fibrosis, calcification,
hematoma, necrosis
Fascioloides magna
Treatment & Prevention
• Oxyclosanide: 13-28.5 mg/kg
• Rafoxanide: 12-25 mg/kg
• ไม่ควรเลี้ยงโค, แกะ ร่ วมกับกวาง
• กาจัดหอย
• การจัดการที่ดีเกี่ยวกับแหล่งน้ า
1. ข้ อใดไม่ ถูกต้ อง
เฉลย: ค
ก. พยาธิใบไม้ ส่วนใหญ่ เป็ น hermaphodrite
ข. พยาธิใบไม้ บางชนิดมี posterior sucker
แทน ventral sucker
ค. Flame cell ทาหน้ าที่หลัง่ นา้ ย่ อยเข้ าสู่
intestinal caeca
Questions 1
ง. สารอาหาร/พลังงานทีพ่ ยาธิดูดซึมส่ วนใหญ่ ถูก
นาไปใช้ สร้ างไข่
จ. Cirrus เทียบได้ กบั penis ในสั ตว์ ช้ันสู ง
Questions 2
2. ระยะใดของพยาธิใบไม้ ที่มีอวัยวะ
ต่ างๆ ใกล้ เคียงกับพยาธิตัวเต็มวัยมาก
ทีส่ ุ ด
ก. redia
ข. metacercaria
ค. sporocyst
ง. miracidium
จ. cercaria
เฉลย: ข
3. พยาธิชนิดใดที่มีโฮสต์ กงึ่ กลางเป็ นปู
หรือกุ้งนา้ จืด
Questions 3
ก. Platynosomum sp.
ข. Opisthorchis sp.
ค. Clonorchis sp.
ง. Schistosoma sp.
จ. Paragonimus sp.
เฉลย: จ
4. Mehlis’s gland มีหน้ าที่:
1. สร้ างสารทีช่ ่ วยเร่ งให้ เชื้อตัวผู้ผสมกับไข่
2. ช่ วยในการสร้ างเปลือกนอกของไข่ ทถี่ ูกผสมแล้ ว
Questions 4
5. อาการของโค-กระบือที่เป็ นโรค chronic
fascioliasis คือ
Questions 5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
anemia
emaciation
pale mucous membrane
edema: “bottle jaw”
ascites
Family Dicrocoelidae
• size: small - middle
• organ: bile duct
• body: transparency, lanceolate shape,
smooth tegument
• digestive system: pharynx,
esophagus, intestinal caeca
Family Dicrocoelidae
• repro. system: ovary &testes = lobe
• genital pore: anterior to ventral sucker
• uterus: posterior half of the body
• vitelline gland: lateral
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
D
i
c
r
o
c
o
e
l
i
u
m
d
e
n
d
r
i
t
i
c
u
m
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
• host: sheep, goat, cattle, deer,
pig, dog, rabbit, man
• size: 6-10 x 1.5-2.5 mm
• testes: tandem
Life cycle
• intermediate hosts
st
• 1 int. host = freshwater snail
nd
• 2 int. host = ant (Formica,
Proformica)
• no redia stage
Pathogenesis
• severe infection:
• hyperplasia of bile duct
• cirrhosis, fibrosis
• anemia, emaciation, bottle jaw
T
R
E
A
T
M
E
N
T
1. Hetolin: 19-22 mg/kg
2. Albendazole: 15 mg/kg
3. Cambendazole: 25 mg/kg
4. Fenbendazole: 150 mg/kg
5. Thiabendazole: 200-300
mg/kg
6. Praziquantel: 50 mg/kg
Eurytrema pancreaticum
• host: cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat
• organ: pancreatic duct
• size: 8-16 x 5-8.5 mm
• large oral sucker
Eurytrema pancreaticum
• genital pore: posterior to
bifurcation of intestinal caeca
• cirrus sac close to ventral sucker
• ovary: posterior to testis
• vitelline gland: lateral
Eurytrema pancreaticum
Life cycle
• intermediate host
st
• 1 intermediate host = land snail
(bradybaena similaris, Cathaica
ravida sieboldtiana)
nd
• 2 intermediate host = ตัก๊ แตน
• Pathogenesis
• low severity
• Treatment
• chlorophos, bithionol,
thiabendazole, albendazole,
praziquantel
Family Paramphistomatidae
• ruminant: rumen, reticulum
• morphology
• thick body, post. sucker, ventral pouch
• small oral sucker, no pharynx
• 2 blind intestinal caeca
Subfamily Paramphistominae
• Paramphistomum cervi
• Cotylophoron cotylophorum
• Calicophoron calicophorum
• Gygantocotyle explanatum
Subfamily Gastrothylaxinae
• Gastrothylax crumenifer
• Fischoderius elongatus
• Fischoderius cobboldi
• Carmyerius spatiosus
• Carmyerius gregarius
Life cycle
• one intermediate host: Lymnaea,
Indoplanorbis
• cercaria: eye spots, “amphistome”
• young adult: small intestine --->
reticulum, rumen
• Pathogenesis:
• adult: no harmful
• young adult: necrosis,
haemorrhage, inflammation
• anemia, protein decreased, edema,
emaciation
Rumen fluke in rumen
Rumen fluke in reticulum
Clinical Signs
• young animal: 2-4 wk
• diarrhea (green), bad odor
• emaciation
• weakness
• dead
Diagnosis
• Fecal examination
•egg: similar to Fasciola spp.
Subfamily Gastrodiscinae
• Organ: large intestine (caecum)
• size: 1.6 x 0.7 cm
• tegument: papillae
• dorsal: convex, ventral: concave
Subfamily Gastrodiscinae
• testes: large, lobe, tandem
• genital pore: anterior to intestinal caeca
• ovary: small, posterior to posterior
sucker
• egg: 120 x 60 micron
Schistosoma spindalis
• host: cattle, buffalo
• organ: mesenteric vein
• adult: 5-16 mm
• egg: 200 x 70-90
micron
Schistosome in mesenteric vein
Life cycle
• intermediate host: Indoplanorbis,
Planorbis, Lymnaea
• no redia stage
• forked tail cercaria (fercocercous)
• Infection
• skin penetration
• ingestion of cercaria
• Cercaria
• hyaluronidase & collagenase
Schistosoma spp.
Pathogenesis
• Cercarial dermatitis, pneumonitis
• egg: irritation of blood vessels, organs
• harmorrhage, edema, granuloma,
abscesses
• liver: cyst, calcification, cirrhosis
Clinical signs
• emaciation, stunt, weakness
• anemia, bottle jaw
• chronic watery diarrhea
• bloody diarrhea
Diagnosis
• history of epidemiology
• continuous diarrhea w/ blood
• rectal scraping
(3% malachite green)
Treatment
• caution: embolism
• antimonial compound, tartar emetic,
niridazole, stilbofen, trichlorphon,
praziquantel
Prevention & Control
• Endemic area
• deworm: young animal age 6-8
mth.
• Praziquantel 15 mg/kg