BioE Example: Artificial Heart
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Transcript BioE Example: Artificial Heart
Postgraduate Study
BIOE 1010
Professional Development
So you really love taking
classes …
Majority of BioEs continue coursework with
some form of graduate study
– Necessary to get ahead in many jobs
Many options available – med school, grad
school, business, law, etc.
Keep an open mind (and pay attention …)
– Many students change their minds about what
they want to do
– Just ask the graduating seniors what they plan on
doing after graduation today vs. 2 – 3 years ago
We bring life to engineering!
Why medical school?
Required to practice medicine as a licensed
M.D. or D.O.
– Both M.D.s and D.O.s can perform surgery and
prescribe medication
– D.O.s typically use chiropractic or holistic methods
for diagnosis and treatment of disease
Perform basic or medical research in
academic or industrial setting
Health care administration and public policy
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Medical school
prerequisites
Complete the following courses
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One year of Biology
One year of Physics
One year of English
Two years of Chemistry through Organic
Chemistry
Take the Medical College Admission Test
(MCAT)
Volunteering, extracurricular activities or work
experiences (industry or research)
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MCAT
Standardized test (like ACT/SAT)
Day long (8 hr) test with the following sections
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Verbal reasoning (comprehension, evaluation, etc)
Physical sciences (physics, chemistry & math)
Writing sample (grammar, logical thought, etc)
Biological sciences (molecular, cellular and human
biology; organic chemistry)
15 points / section + separate writing score
http://www.aamc.org/students/mcat/start.htm
for more information
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AMCAS application
Uniform application for medical school
admission
Can apply to many schools with one
application
Over 100 schools use AMCAS application
– Includes all OH & MI medical schools
You should still check with individual schools
for any additional application requirements
– Ex: MCO may request secondary application with
recommendation letters
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AMCAS application
Biographical information
Essay (one page limit)
– Why you have selected the field of medicine
– What should medical schools know about you that
is not mentioned elsewhere in the application
– Special hardships, challenges or obstacles that
may have influenced your educational pursuits
– Explain significant fluctuations in your academic
record not mentioned elsewhere in the application
Post-secondary experiences – jobs, volunteer
positions, awards, extracurricular activities
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AMCAS application
List schools attended
Request official transcripts - use AMCAS form
List all post-secondary courses you enrolled in
regardless if credit was received
GPA calculation – includes transfer credits and
repeated courses!
See http://www.aamc.org for more details
– Instructions for students applying for Fall 2003 admission are
already available
See http://www.ada.org and http://www.adea.org for
dental school admissions information
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What to expect in medical
school
First two years are spent in class 8 hours per
day, 5 days per week
First year courses are basic sciences
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Biochemistry and cell biology
Anatomy, histology and immunology
Neuroscience and physiology
Clinical skills, ethics, etc.
Second year courses are medical sciences
– Pathology, pathophysiology, pharmacology
Take Part I of Board Exam after second year
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What to expect in medical
school
Last two years are spent in the clinic
Clinical rotations are full-time positions
– Include nights and weekends on call
Required clinical rotations in third year
– Medicine, surgery, pediatrics, psychiatry and
obstetrics/gynecology
Elective clinical rotations in fourth year
Apply for residency and take Part II of Board
Exam
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Life after medical school
A minimum of three years spent in residency
to receive further training in an area of
specialization
Take board exam for your area of
specialization
Can do fellowship after residency, usually for
research or extreme area of specialization
Then earn the big bucks and play golf every
Thursday (yeah, right …)
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Financial considerations
Money should not be your primary goal in
becoming a physician
– Medical school is expensive
– First real paycheck comes 7 years after
graduating from college
– Requires substantial commitment and desire to
become a practicing physician
Money should not be obstacle to attending
medical school
– You can repay much of the debt when you are a
resident
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Why business school?
To learn management principles for
supervising employees
To understand the business aspects
(such as finance and marketing) of
product development
Many engineers obtain M.B.A.s to
pursue management positions in larger
corporations
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Business school
prerequisites
Required coursework varies by school
– Your engineering education should be
sufficient for most schools
– You may need an economics course
Take the GMAT exam
Industrial experience (co-op or full-time)
is desirable
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GMAT
Half day long (~4 hr) test with the following
sections
– Analytical writing
– Quantitative reasoning
– Verbal reasoning
Complex scoring - total scores range from
200 – 800
See http://www.gmac.com for more
information
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Business school courses
Typically a 1 ½ - 2 year program
Curriculum varies widely
– Investigate coursework before you apply
Core courses
– Accounting, finance, marketing and
management
Elective courses to specialize in one of
the core areas listed above
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Why law school?
To practice criminal law
To practice civil law
To work on patents for new products
To work on legal and tax issues for
corporations
Law school results in a J.D. degree
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Law school prerequisites
A bachelor’s degree in just about any
program
Take the LSAT exam
Standardized application – LSDAS
See http://www.lsac.org/ for more
information
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LSAT
Half day long (~4 hour) test with the
following sections
– Reading comprehension
– Analytical reasoning
– Writing sample
Score ranges from 120 – 180
See http://www.lsac.org/ for more
information
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Law school courses
Typically a 3 year program
Core courses
– Contracts, property, constitutional law and criminal
law
Electives for specialization
– Business, civil, criminal, labor, estates, patents,
family, property and tax law
Must take state bar exam to obtain license to
practice law
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Why graduate school?
To specialize in a technical area
– Allows you to do more technical work
– May help you advance in your job
To do research in an academic or
industrial setting
Grad school results in a masters degree
or a Ph.D.
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Graduate school
prerequisites
Varies with each program
Many programs require the GRE exam
– Two sections: Verbal and Quantitative
– Also have engineering subject test
– Scoring ranges from 200 – 800 for each
section, 200 – 1000 for subject test
– See http://www.gre.org/ for more
information
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Graduate school
curriculum
Courses vary by program and school
Two types of masters programs:
coursework intensive and research
intensive
Research intensive masters program
may require a thesis
A PhD program is research intensive
and requires a thesis
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How do I decide on a
graduate program?
Talk to the experts
– Students in various programs
– Professionals in your area of interest
– Advisors and counselors
Visit schools, hospitals, etc.
If the classes look interesting, the work
probably will be too!
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Timeline for graduate study
This is a general timeline to apply for graduate study
Take home message – start thinking about this at least a year
before you graduate
– Not much time and effort required
– Can always apply now and decide not to enroll later
– Easier than not applying now and deciding you want to go later
Assumes graduation in Spring of 5th year
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April of 4th year – take the applicable standardized test(s)
Summer of 4th year – retake test(s) if needed
Fall of 5th year – obtain recommendation letters if needed
Fall of 5th year - send out applications to various programs
Fall of 5th year – apply for scholarships if applicable
Spring of 5th year – interview and select program to enroll in
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