Transcript 1979 Cessna 172 P

1998 Cessna 172 S
Study Guide
For Training Use Only
Obtain actual weights, c.g, fluid capacities and dimensions from the Pilot
Operating Handbook for your actual Training airplane.
This presentation is based on the POH for the 1998 Cessna 172 S, and
covers the following sections of that manual.
Section 1
General
Section 2
Limitations
Section 3
Emergency
Procedures
Section 4
Normal
Procedures
Remember to
verify all
information
with your actual
POH
Section 1
Descriptive Data
Aircraft Dimensions
Aircraft
Dimensions
Length 27’ 2”
Height 8’ 11”
Wingspan 36’ 1”
Wing Area of 174 square feet
Engine
Engine
Manufactured by Textron Lycoming
Model O-360-L2A
This is a Normally Aspirated, Direct Drive, Air-Cooled, HorizontallyOpposed , Fuel Injected, Four Cylinder Engine with 360 cubic inches
displacement.
180 BHP @ 2700 RPM
Propeller
Propeller
Manufactured by McCauley
Model 1A170E/JHA7660
Two Bladed, Fixed Pitch, Aluminum.
Diameter is 76”
Fuel
Fuel
Approved Fuel Grades:
100LL Grade Aviation Fuel
(BLUE)
100 Grade Aviation Fuel
(GREEN)
•This is a 152, you will
have 13 drains to check
Fuel
• 2 integral tanks [one in each wing] hold the fuel
• The Un-usable fuel includes fuel in the feed lines within
the wing struts, Fuel Reservoir, and associated plumbing
• The System is Gravity Feed, and uses an Electric Auxiliary
Fuel Pump for priming the Fuel Injection system
• There are 13 Fuel Drains
• 5 below each wing tank
• 3 below the nose
• These drains should be tested for water and contamination
prior to flight
Fuel
• This aircraft is equipped with a Fuel
Selector Valve that allows Fuel to flow
from Left, Right, or Both Fuel tanks.
BOTH is the Normal selection.
• A FUEL SHUT-OFF is also installed in
this aircraft for use in Emergency
Procedures, or for prolonged Storage.
Fuel
• Total Capacity
• Total Useable
56 gallons
53 gallons
• Total Each Tank
• Total Useable
28 gallons
26.5 gallons
• Non-Useable
3 gallons
OIL
• Grade appropriate to temperature ranges
• Often this is 15w50 or 20w50
• Check Maintenance Records for actual type
used in your aircraft.
Electrical System
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System is 28 Volt DC
Powered by a belt driven 60 amp alternator
Supplying a 24 Volt Battery
Battery is located forward of Firewall, Left Side
Current is supplied Through Split Primary Bus Bars 1 and 2
Essential Bus is wired between the 2 primaries to energize Master,
…..Annunciator, and Interior Lighting
Each Primary is connected to an Avionics Bus by the Avionics Master
Continued…………….
Electrical System
Continued
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Master Switch is a Split Rocker type switch labeled MASTER
On is in the up Position, Off is in the Down Position
The Right Half is labeled BAT and connects Battery Power to Buses
The Left Half is labeled ALT, connects the Alternator
• Normally, BAT and ALT are used simultaneously
• BAT can be turned on to check electrical equipment on the ground
• When the ALT switch is OFF the entire system runs on battery
Electrical System
Continued
• LOW VOLTAGE Annunciator, Will Illuminate when
Voltage falls below 24.5 Volts
• OVERVOLTAGE :Alternator Control Unit automatically
opens the ALT FLD circuit breaker, Shutting Off the
Alternator
• Under these conditions, with normal power use, a low
voltage condition will occur eventually, and the Low Volt
annunciator will illuminate
• The Alternator Control unit may be then reset by resetting
the ALT FLD circuit breaker
• If this occurs a second time, terminate the flight
Maximum Certificated Weights
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Ramp Weight Normal
Ramp Weight Utility
Takeoff Weight Normal
Takeoff Weight Utility
Landing Weight Normal
Landing Weight Utility
Category
Category
Category
Category
Category
Category
2558
2208
2250
2200
2550
2200
Baggage Compartment Weights
• Normal Category
– Area 1
– Area 2
120 lbs
50 lbs
– Maximum Combined Area 1 and 2 120 lbs
Baggage Compartment Weights
• Utility Category
• In this Category the Rear Seat must be unoccupied, and the baggage compartment
must be empty.
Standard Airplane Weights
• Standard Empty Weight
1663
• Normal Category Useful load 895
• Utility Category Useful Load 545
Specific Loadings
• Wing Loading:
14.7 lbs./sq. ft.
• Power Loading:
14.2 lbs./sq. ft.
Baggage Compartment Weights
Relate to Category
• Utility Category
• All Baggage areas must be empty
• Normal Category
– Area 1
– Area 2
120 lbs
50 lbs
– Maximum Combined Area 1 and 2 120 lbs
Section 2
Limitations
Airspeed Limitations
Airspeed Limitations
VNE [ Red Line ]
Never Exceed
163
Do not exceed this speed.
Airspeed Limitations
VNO [Upper Limit of Green Arc ]
Maximum Structural Cruise
129
Exceed only in smooth air.
Airspeed Limitations
VA
Maneuvering Speed
Based on weight. The less weight, the
slower the speed.
105 @ 2550 lbs
98 @ 2200 lbs
90 @ 1900 lbs
Airspeed Limitations
Flap Extension
Airspeed Limitations
VFE
Flap Extension Speeds
Do not exceed with Flaps Down
10 degrees 110
20 degrees 85
30 degrees 85
Airspeed Limitations
Max window open speed
163
Do not exceed with window open
Airspeed Indicator Markings
White Arc 40 - 85
Flap Operating Range
Lower limit is max weight Vso
[Stall Speed Flaps Landing Configuration]
Upper limit is Vno
[max speed flaps extended]
Airspeed Indicator Markings
Green Arc 48 - 129
Normal Operating Range
Lower limit is max weight Vs
[Stall Speed No Flaps ]
Upper limit is max structural Cruise, or Vno
Airspeed Indicator Markings
Yellow Arc 129 - 163
Caution Range
Operation with caution only in smooth air.
Airspeed Indicator Markings
Red Line 163
Maximum Speed for all operations
Fly Faster than this
speed, and you are a
Test Pilot !
Power Plant Limitations
Maximum Power
180 BHP
Power Plant Limitations
Engine Operating Limits for Takeoff and
Continuous Operations
Maximum Engine Speed
2700 RPM
Red Line
Power Plant Limitations
Static RPM Range at Full Throttle
Static RPM range 2300-2400
Power Plant Limitations
Maximum Oil Temperature
245 degrees (f) or 118 (c)
Power Plant Limitations
Oil Pressure
20 PSI Minimum
115 PSI Maximum
Power Plant Limitations
Oil Grade
Aviation Grade Straight Mineral Oil or,
Ashless Dispersant Oil
Power Plant Limitations
• Engine Oil :
• 15w50 or 20w50
• Check Maintenance Records for actual type
used in your aircraft.
Power Plant Instrument Markings
Tachometer
Red Line
2700 RPM
Power Plant Instrument Markings
Oil Temperature
Green Arc 100-245
Red line 245
Power Plant Instrument Markings
Oil Pressure
Red Line Minimum 20 PSI
Green Arc 50 – 90 PSI
Red Line Maximum 115 PSI
Power Plant Instrument Markings
Fuel Quantity
Red Line 0
1.5 Gallons Unusable Each Tank
Power Plant Instrument Markings
Fuel Flow
0 to 12 GPH
Power Plant Instrument Markings
Vacuum Gage
4.5 to 5.5 PSI
Normal and Utility Categories
Review of Category of Aircraft
Normal and Utility Categories
FAR Part 23 Normal Category
(a)The normal category is limited to
airplanes that have a seating
configuration, excluding pilot seats, of
nine or less, a maximum certificated
takeoff weight of 12,500 pounds or less,
and intended for non-acrobatic operation.
Non-acrobatic operation includes:
Normal and Utility Categories
FAR Part 23 Normal Category
(1) Any maneuver incident to normal flying;
(2) Stalls (except whip stalls); and
(3) Lazy eights, chandelles, and steep turns, in
which the angle of bank is not more than 60
degrees.
Normal and Utility Categories
FAR Part 23 Utility Category
Airplanes certificated in the utility category
may be used in any of the operations
covered under paragraph (a) of this
section and in limited acrobatic
operations. Limited acrobatic operation
includes:
CG Limits and Categories
FAR Part 23 Utility Category
(1) Spins (if approved for the particular type of airplane)
(2) Lazy eights, chandelles, and steep turns, or similar maneuvers, in
which the angle of bank is more than 60 degrees but not more than
90 degrees.
(3) Lazy eights, chandelles, and steep turns, in which the angle of
bank is not more than 60 degrees.
Normal Category Weight Limits
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Ramp Weight
Takeoff Weight
Landing Weight
Baggage Area 1
Baggage Area 2
Combined Baggage
2558
2550
2550
120
50
120
Normal Category CG Limits
Forward Limit:
35 inches aft of datum at 1950 lbs or less
To 41 inches aft of datum at 2550 lbs.
Aft Limit:
47.3 inches aft of datum
at all weights.
Utility Category Weight Limits
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Ramp Weight
Takeoff
Landing
Baggage Area 1 and 2
Rear Seat
2208
2200
2200
Empty
Empty
Utility Category CG Limits
Forward Limit:
35 inches aft of datum at 1950 lbs or less
To 37.5 inches aft of datum at 2200 lbs.
Aft Limit:
40.5 inches aft of datum at all
weights.
Maneuver Limits
Normal Category
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Any maneuver incidental to normal flying
Stalls
Slow Deceleration
Steep Turns
95 knots
Chandelles 105 knots
Lazy Eights 105 knots
Spins are not mentioned in the POH under
Normal Category limits, and are considered
prohibited in this category.
Maneuver Limits
Utility Category
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Any maneuver incidental to normal flying
Stalls
Slow Deceleration
Steep Turns
95 knots
Chandelles 105 knots
Lazy Eights 105 knots
Spins
Slow Deceleration
Flight Load Factor Limits
Normal Category
Max takeoff weight of 2550 lbs.
Flaps Up
Flaps Down
+3.8g, -1.52g
+3.0g
The design load factors are 150% of the above, and in all
cases the structure meets or exceeds the design loads.
Flight Load Factor Limits
Utility Category
Max takeoff weight of 2200 lbs.
Flaps Up
Flaps Down
+4.0, -1.76g
+3.0g
The design load factors are 150% of the above, and in all
cases the structure meets or exceeds the design loads.
Kinds of Operation Limits
This airplane is equipped for Day VFR and may be equipped for
night VFR and IFR Operations.
Flight into known icing conditions is prohibited.
Fuel Limitations
2 Standard Tanks
28 gallons each
Total Fuel
56 gallons
Un-Useable Fuel
3
gallons
Fuel Limitations
Limitations are show ONLY for Standard Tanks
Check the POH for your aircraft to learn what
tanks are installed.
Fuel limitations
• To maximize fuel loading, place the fuel
selector to Left or Right.
• This prevents Cross-Feed during fueling
• There are safety consideration with
operating on just one tank.
Fuel Limitations
Always Takeoff and Land with the Fuel
Selector in the BOTH Position.
Fuel Limitations
If operating only on one tank, Slips and Skid
maneuvers are limited to 30 Seconds
Fuel Limitations
With ¼ Tank or Less, prolonged un-coordinated
flight is prohibited when operating on either the Left
or Right tank
Fuel Limitations
Fuel remaining when the quantity indicator
shows “empty” is not useable!
Other Limitations
Flap Limitations
Takeoff Range
0 to 10 degrees
Landing Range
0 to 30 degrees
Section 3
Emergency Procedures
Airspeeds for Emergency
Operation
Engine Failure After Takeoff:
Flaps Up
70
Flaps Down
65
Airspeeds for Emergency
Operation
Maximum Glide Speed:
68
Airspeeds for Emergency
Operation
Precautionary Landing with Engine Power:
65
Airspeeds for Emergency
Operation
Precautionary Landing
Without Engine Power:
Flaps Up
70
Flaps Down
65
Emergency
Procedures
Checklists
Engine Failure During Takeoff
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Throttle
Brakes
Flaps
Mixture
Ignition
Master
Idle
Apply
Retract
Idle Cut-off
Off
Off
Engine Failure Immediately After
Takeoff
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Airspeed
Mixture
Fuel Shutoff
Ignition
Flaps
Master
Doors
Land
70 flaps up 65 flaps down
Idle Cut-off
Off PULL OUT
Off
As Required
Off
Open
Straight Ahead Best Site
Engine Failure During Flight
[Restart Procedure]
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Airspeed
68
Fuel Shutoff
ON PUSH ON
Fuel Selector
Both
Auxiliary Fuel Pump
On
Mixture
Rich [if Restart has not occurred]
If Prop is windmilling, the engine will restart within a few seconds.
If Prop has stopped turning, Turn Ignition to START
Advance Throttle Slowly from Idle, the adjust mixture for smoothness
If The FUEL FLOW drops to Zero, Turn on Auxiliary Fuel Pump
Precautionary Landing
Without Engine Power
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Passenger Seat Backs
Seats and Seat Belts
Airspeed
Mixture
Fuel Shutoff Valve
Ignition
Flaps
Master
Doors
Touchdown
Brakes
Upright Position
Secure
70 Flaps Up 65 Flaps Down
Idle Cut Off
OFF PULL OUT
Off
As Required [30 deg. advised]
Off
Open
Slightly Tail Low
Apply Heavily
Precautionary Landing
With Engine Power
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Passenger Seat Backs
Upright Position
Seats and Seat Belts
Secure
Airspeed
65
Flaps
20 degrees
Selected Field : Fly over to evaluate, Climb to appropriate patter
altitude and retract Flaps at safe airspeed
Avionics Master
Off
Flaps
30 degrees on Final
Airspeed
65
Master
Off
Doors
Open
Touchdown
Slightly Tail Low
Ignition
Off
Brakes
Apply Heavily
Ditching
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Review POH for this Procedure
Minimize Descent to 300 FPM at 55 kts
Prepare to protect Face with available items
Open Doors
Activate ELT
Touchdown parallel to swells, Level Attitude
Evacuate Airplane
Use Floatation Devices OUT OF AIRPLANE
FIRE During Engine Start
[Engine has started]
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Ignition Start, continue cranking for a start
Set Power to 1800 RPM
Follow Shutdown Procedures
Evacuate and Inspect for Damage
Engine Fire During Start
[Engine has not started]
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Throttle
Mixture
Cranking
Fuel Shut-Off
Auxiliary Fuel Pump
Fire Extinguisher
Engine
Master
Ignition
Brake
Passengers and Crew
Fire
Inspect for Damage
Full Open
Idle Cut-off
Continue
OFF PULL OUT
Off
Activate
Secure
Off
Off
Set
Evacuate
Extinguish as Required
Engine Failure In Flight
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Mixture
Fuel Shutoff Valve
Auxiliary Fuel Pump
Master
Cabin heat and air
•
Airspeed 100 Knots or more to create a non combustible fuel air mixture
• Forced Landing
Idle Cut Off
Off Pull OUT
Off
Off
Off except overhead vents
Refer to Forced Landing Checklist
Electrical Fire in Flight
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Master
Avionics
All Electric
Vents/Cabin Air/Heat
Fire Extinguisher
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If Extinguisher is activated, open all vents after fire is out to clear cabin
OFF
OFF
OFF
[except magnetos]
Closed
Activate [if available]
If fire appears to be out, and electrical power is necessary,
• Master
ON
• Circuit Breakers
Check for faulty circuit
• Avionics
ON, 1 system at a time with a delay in order to evaluate
and detect the bad circuit
Blocked Static Source
[ERRONEOUS INSTRUTMENT READING SUSPECTED]
• ALTERNATE STATIC PORT
OPEN
• AIRSPEED
CONSULT CALIBRATION TABLE
Landing with a Flat Main Tire
• APPROACH
• TOUCHDOWN
NORMAL
– GOOD TIRE FIRST, HOLD AIRPLANE OFF FLAT TIRE AS
LONG AS POSSIBLE.
Electrical Power Malfunctions
Ammeter shows excessive rate of charge
• Alternator
OFF
• Alternator Breaker
PULL
• Non-essential equipment OFF
• Flight
Terminate ASAP
Vacuum System Failure
• Left Vacuum [L VAC] or Right Vacuum [L VAC]
Annunciator Illuminates
• If Vacuum is not within normal limits, a failure has
occurred.
• Partial Panel Procedures will be necessary for continued
flight
Landing without Elevator
Control
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Trim for level flight
Set speed for approximately 65
Once trimmed, do not move elevator trim.
Control glide with power only.
At flare-out, Power reduction will cause
nose to drop… Adjust Trim Full UP during
power reduction.
SPIN RECOVERY
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THROTTLE
IDLE
AILERONS
NEUTRAL
RUDDER
FULL OPPOSITE OF ROTATION
CONTROL YOKE
FORWARD TO BREAK STALL
HOLD THESE CONTROL POSITIONS UNTIL ROTATION STOPS
AS ROTATION STOPS, NEUTRALIZE RUDDER
RECOVER FROM DIVE SMOOTHLY.
Section 4
Normal Procedures
Before Start
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Preflight Inspection
Passenger Briefing
Seats and Belts
Brakes
Electrical Equipment
Avionics
Fuel Selector
Fuel Shutoff Valve
Circuit Breakers
Complete
Complete
Adjust
Test and Set
Off
Off
Both
On PUSH IN
Check In
Starting Engine [with battery]
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Throttle
Open ¼ inch
Mixture
Idle Cut-Ott
Propeller Area
Clear
Master
On
Flashing beacon
On
Auxiliary Fuel Pump
On
Mixture
Full Rich until a positive fuel flow, then Idle Cut-Off
Auxiliary Fuel Pump
Off
Ignition
Start
Mixture
Advance as Engine Starts
Oil Pressure
Check
Navigation Lights
As Required
Avionics
On
Flaps
Retract
Starting Engine [Flooded Sart]
• If Engine floods [over primed] perform the following and
then complete the normal start checklist
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Auxiliary Fuel Pump
OFF
Mixture
Idle Cut-Off
Throttle
Open ½ to Full Throttle
Ignition
Start
When Engine starts Mixture to Full Rich, Throttle to Idle
Promptly.
Before Taxi
• This is not a Cessna Checklist, but will be useful in
developing good habits at towered airports.
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ATIS Information
Clearance
TRANSPONDER
Taxi Instructions
Obtain and copy with I.D.
Obtain and copy, READBACK
SET Code and Select STBY
Comply as Instructed
Before Takeoff
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Parking Brake
Seats
Seat Belts
Doors
Flight Controls
Flight Instruments
Fuel Quantity
Mixture
Fuel Selector Valve
Throttle
Magnetos
Vacuum Gage
Annunciator Panel
Throttle
Throttle
Set
Upright
Secure
Closed and Latched
Free and Correct
Check and Set
Check
Full Rich
Recheck Set to BOTH
1800
Check drop <150, Diff. Max of 50
Check
Check
Check IDLE
Set to 1000 RPM …..Continued….
Before Takeoff…continued
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Throttle Friction Lock
Radios and Avionics
NAV/GPS Switch
Autopilot
Manual Trim
Flaps
TRANSPONDER
Brakes
TAKEOFF CLEARANCE
TRANSPONDER
Directional Gyro
Strobes and Landing Light
Adjust
SET
SET
OFF
Set for Takeoff
Set for Takeoff
ON
Release
Obtain
ON Select ALT
Set when aligned with Runway
On when taking Active Runway
Normal Takeoff
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Flaps
Throttle
Mixture
Elevator
Climb Speed
Flaps
0 – 10 Degrees
Full Open
Rich (above 3000 ft, Lean for max rpm)
Lift Nose Wheel at 55
70-80 [80 Provides better Forward Visibility]
Retract
Short Field Takeoff
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Flaps
10 Degrees
Brakes
Apply
Throttle
Full Open
Mixture
Rich (above 3000 ft, Lean for max rpm)
Brakes
Release
Elevator
Slightly Tail Low
Climb Speed
56 Until Obstacles Cleared
Flaps
Retract Slowly after reaching 60 knots
Enroute Climb
• Airspeed
• Throttle
• Mixture
70-85
Full Open
Rich (lean above 3000 ft)
Cruise
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Power
Elevator Trim
Mixture
Arrival Checklist
Set
2100-2700 no more than 75%
Adjust
Lean For Performance Desired
Prepare
Arrival
(not a Cessna List)
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Arrival ATIS
Approach Control
Clearance
Descent Checklist
In Range Obtain and Copy
Contact Prior to 20 Miles out
Copy and READBACK
Prepare
Descent
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Power
Mixture
Altimeter
NAV/GPS
Fuel Selector Valve
Flaps
Landing Checklist
As required
Adjust, Full Rich at Idle
Set
Set
BOTH
As Required within Limits
Prepare
Normal Landing
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Airspeed
Flaps
Airspeed
Touchdown
Landing Roll
Braking
65-75 Flaps Up
As required within Limits
60-70 Flaps Down
Main Wheels First
Lower Nose Gently
Minimum Required
Short Field Landing
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Airspeed
Flaps
Airspeed
Touchdown
Brakes
Flaps
65-75 Flaps Up
As required within Limits
61 Flaps Down
Main Wheels First
Apply Heavily
Retract
Balked Landing
[Go Around]
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Throttle
Flaps
Climb Speed
Flaps
FULL OPEN
Retract to 20
60
Retract to 10 till safe Alt.
After Landing
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Runway
Strobes
Landing Light
Transponder
Flaps
Radios
Clearance
Clear and onto Taxiway
Off
Off
STBY
Retract
Set
Taxi instruction Parking as required
Secure
[Shut Down]
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Brake
Avionics
Mixture
Ignition
Master
Control Lock
Fuel Selector
Set
OFF
Idle Cut-Off
Off
Off
Install
Left or Right
• Check with OPERATOR of the Aircraft regarding this last item.
Before we finish, some thoughts on
Landings…
You have seen the correct technique…
Main wheels touchdown 1st
This is what can happen with “improper” technique..
The nose wheel touches 1st, followed by Mains,
and a bounce results
This is what can happen with “improper” technique..
A bounce occurs, and the airplane balloons up some distance
The Pilot over-reacts, and forces the nose to the runway
The resultant increase in velocity produces another
bounce on touchdown, and the cycle starts again.
The third cycle of this phenomena is where accidents
typically occur.
The nose will contact first (again),
But the contact will likely be at such an angle to cause
Substantial damage the structure, and result a collapsed
Nose wheel assembly
This typically also causes the Propeller to strike the
ground causing damage to the Propeller and the Engine
This is frequently the outcome of the
second or third bounce…..
Nose wheel touches, and you bounce again.
When the bounce occurs, level off, and Re-Land the
Airplane normally if sufficient runway length remains.
If in doubt, go around after the First Bounce!
Get the Right Picture for Landings
Get the Right Picture for Landings
Get the Right Picture for Landings
Get the Right Picture for Landings
Get the Right Picture for Landings
Remember, this is
supposed to be fun…
and sometimes its for moments like this
End of Session
• Remember to use the approved checklists or
Pilot Operating Handbook