CLEAN & ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES: Political Will, Capacity Building and Peoples' Participation

Global People’s Forum

Josep Puig i Boix Alternativa Verda Green Map Johannesburg August - September, 2002 01/05/2020

Humans and Cities World Population 1975: 4 billion, 38% living in cities (1.52 billion) 1999: 6 billion, 47% living in cities (2.82 billion) 2006: 6.5 billion, 50% living in cities (3.27 billion) half of human population will live in cities ( according to UN) 01/05/2020 2

Unsustainable Path  Global Carbon Emissions: since 1991 > 6*10 9 tons  Global Gross Product: 20.5*10 12 $ (18.5x10

12 $ fossil fuels)  Global Carbon Efficiency: 3,083 $/tnC  Japan: 10,839 $/tnC (the highest in the world)  Japan: 2.35 tnC/capita  World: 6 billion inhabitants (2.35 tnC/capita)  Global Carbon Emissions: > 14*10 9 tons  IPCC recommends 60% reduction: 2.54*10 9 tons 3

Energy System: chain of technology Primary Energy

Supply Technologies

Secondary Energy

End-Use Technologies

Energy Services coal oil solar hydro wind power plants electricity refineries petrol mines houses buses stoves lamps warm meals clean clothes 4

Minimum Domestic Energy Services MDES

Energy Services (electricity) & End-Use Technologies:

    

Lighting

: 1000 lumen average (6 inc.lamps, each 60 W, 6 hours/day)

Refrigeration

: 200 liter refrigerator(+5 o C) + 100 liter freezer (-18 o C)

Washing

: automatic electric washing machine (non electric heating) 200 laundry washings per year, each 4 kg

Electronics

: TV-watching, radio listening, computer use, other

Ventilation

: supply of fresh air in high rise buildings

Energy Services (non electric) & End-Use Technologies:



cooking

: 3 meals per day 

hot water

: clothes washing & personal cleaning 5

Minimum Domestic Energy Services MDES - Electricicity (1)

Energy Services (electricity) & End-Use Technologies: Lighting Refrigeration Washing Electronics Ventilation Other uses

conventional

kWh/y W W/cap

788 90.00 22.50

850 97.03 24.26

400 45.66 11.42

2483 283.46 70.87

500 57.08 14.27

1987 226.77 56.69

efficient

kWh/y Watt W/cap

280 32 8 140 16 4 70 8 2 350 40 10 105 12 3 280 32 8

total 7008 800.00 200.00

1226 140 35 Source: Norgard, J.S. (1992), Low Electricity Europe: Sustainable Options, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby

6

Minimum Domestic Energy (electricity) Services World’s Urban Population (1) World cities population (2006): 3.27 billion

End-Use

W/cap conventional 200

Technologies

efficient 35 TWh/year 5,729 1,003 (only domestic sector, not including service sector nor industry) 7

Minimum Domestic Energy Services World’s Urban Population (2)

Supply Technology - conventional

Coal TPP (Steam T 36%) SO 2 Mtn NO x Mtn CO 2 Mtn

End-Use

conventional

Technology

efficient 98.54 7.39

17.24 1.29

5,064 886

(1022 or 179 Coal TPP units, each 800 MW with a CF=0.8)

8

Minimum Domestic Energy Services World’s Urban Population (3)

Supply Technology - conventional

CCGT (gas+steam, 53%) SO 2 Mtn NO x Mtn CO 2 Mtn

End-Use

conventional

Technology

efficient 0 0 0.57

0.10

1,977 346

(4088 or 715 CCGT, each 200 MW with a CF=0.8)

9

Minimum Domestic Energy Services World’s Urban Population (4)

E-U

conv.

Tech.

effic.

Supply Technology - conventional

Nuclear Power Plant (PWR, 36%) Spent Fuel tn.

20,438 3,577 Plutonium tn.

163.5

28.6

emissions air+water Bq*10 12 54,426 9,525

(818 or 143 Nuclear Plants, 1000 MW each, with a CF=0.8)

10

Minimum Domestic Energy Services World’s Urban Population (5)

E-U

conv.

Tech.

effic.

Supply Technology - conventional

Nuclear Power Plant (PWR, 36%) yelow cake U 3 O 8 tn.

155,325 27,182 Uranium Ore tn*10 213 37 6 wastes liquids tn*10 368 6 solids tn*10 245 64 43 6

(85 % radioactivity) (818 or 143 Nuclear Plants, 1000 MW each, with a CF=0.8)

11

Minimum Domestic Energy Services World’s Urban Population (6)

End-Use

conventional

Technology

efficient

Supply Technology - RES

clean & renewable energies SO 2 Mtn NO Mtn x CO 2 Mtn 0 0 0 0 0 0 12

Minimum Domestic Energy Services World’s Urban Population (7)

Supply Technology - RES E-U

conv.

Tech.

effic. clean & renewable energies energy capacity surface capacity surface TWh GW SEGS km 2 GW WECS km 2 5,729 1,869 36,063 2,180 87,200 1,003 327 6,311 382 15,260

SEGS (CF: 0.35; LU: 1.93 Ha/MW) - WECS (CF: 0.3; LU: 4 Ha/MW)

13

Barcelona energy flow 14

Barcelona renewable energy flow 15

Minimum Domestic Energy Services Barcelona (1) Barcelona population (1997): 1,505,581

End-Use

W/cap conventional 200

Technologies

efficient 35 real (1998) GWh/year 2,638 462 102 1,348 (only domestic sector, not including service sector nor industry) 16

Minimum Domestic Energy Services Barcelona (2)

Supply Technology - conventional

TPP/CCGT - NukPP

End-Use Technology

conventional efficient real (1998) (CF= 0.8) 377 MW 66 MW 192 MW 17

Minimum Domestic Energy Services Barcelona (3)

E-U

conv.

Supply Technology - RES

clean & renewable energies energy capacity surface capacity surface GWh MW SEGS km 2 MW WECS km 2 2,638 860 16.61 1,004 10.04

Tech.

effic. 462 151 2.91 176 1.75

real (1998) 1,348 440 8.49 513 5.13

SEGS (CF: 0.35; LU: 1.93 Ha/MW) - WECS (CF: 0.25; LU: 1 Ha/MW

18

Barcelona: producing all the electricity consumed with Sun and Wind (1) Electricity SEGS(th) WECS  Total consumed Capac. Surf. Capac. Surf.

GWh MW km 2 MW km 2 5,385 1,756 33.9 2,459 24.6

 Domestic 1,348 440 8.5 616 6.2

 Com/ind. 3,917 1,278 24.6 1,789 17.9

 Transport 120 39 0.8 55 0.6

SEGS (CF: 0.35; LU: 1.93 Ha/MW) - WECS (CF: 0.25; LU: 1 Ha/MW)

19

Barcelona: producing all the electricity consumed with Sun (1) Electricity SEGS(th) SEGS(PV) consumed Capac. Surf. Capac. Surf.

GWh MW km 2 MW km 2   Total 5,385 1,756 33.9 2,442 24.4

Domèstic 1,348 440 8.5 611 6.1

 Com/ind 3,917 1,278 24.6 1,777 17.7

 Transport 120 39 0.8 54 0.5

SEGSth (CF: 0.35; LU: 1.93 Ha/MW) - SEGSPV (EF: 0.15; LU: 1 Ha/MW)

20

Barcelona: producing all the electricity consumed with Sun (2) Electricity SEGSPV consumed Capac. Surf. GWh MW km 2 m 2 /inh m 2 /aprt.

  Total 5,384.7 2,442 24.4 16.2 36.5

Domèstic 1,348.1 611 6.1 4.1 9.1

 Com/ind. 3,917.1 1,777 17.7 11.7 26.5

 Transport 119.6 54 0.5 0.4 0.8

SEGSPV (EF: 0.15; LU: 1 Ha/MW)

21

Barcelona: Heating Water with the Sun  Energy Consumption for Domestic Hot Water: Natural Gas: 558 GWh/year Electricity: 337 GWh/year  Total 895 GWh/year Total area needed: 1.5 km 2 (city: 100 km 2 )    Total area per person: Total area per apartment: Total area per building: 1.0 m 2 2.3 m 2 19.0 m 2 22

Realising the Energy Efficiency and the Renewable Energy Potential

Three conditions

:  political will: political commitment   technical ability: committed & skilled technicians people’s involvement: public participation

PARTNERSHIP

23

Realising the EE and the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (1) Barcelona, June 1995 - May 1999:  A

committed group of people

worked hard to open the door to the Energy Sustainability into the city  An interesting set of circunstances came together to make it happen:  municipality  RE Companies  RE NGOs 24

Realising the EE and the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (2) 

Municipality

As a result of the 1995 municipal elections the city government adopted sustainability as a issue.

April 22nd., 1998:

the Plenary Session of the City Council

adopted a

political decision on Energy Sustainability

, including: 

promotion of energy efficiency,



use of renewable energies,



information to the citizens,



cooperation with other local energy actors.

25

Realising the EE and the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (3)  To implement policies the municipality made use of

two key instruments

:  

the Civic Table on Energy

(‘Taula Cívica de l’Energia’)

the Local Energy Agency

Grup de Energia Local’).

(‘

BarnaGEL

- Barcelona 26

Realising the EE and the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (4) 

The Civic Table on Energy

(municipal body) created in 1994 as a result of a public hearing on environment and energy involves local officials/staff from different departments of the city council with a local representative of a NGO energy platform Barcelona Saves Energy (‘Barcelona Estalvia Energia - BEE’)

main objective

:

to build complicities on energy

from all people in different departments of the city council.

27

Realising the EE and the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (5) 

The local Energy Agency BarnaGEL

(independent) EU-PERU (now SAVE) project, 1994 Main proposers:

Leicester City Council and Metropolitan Area of Barcelona

Other local Partners: environment),

ICAEN Ecoserveis

(local NGO on energy & (Regional Energy Agency of Catalonia) and

UAB

(Autonomous University of Barcelona)

Main objective: to build complicities between local actors in order to develop energy projects

28

Realising the EE and the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (6)  The

results

of the work (1995 -1999) 

doubling the solar th collector area



solar thermal: from 700 to 1,350 m 2



29 times more solar PV collector area



solar PV: from 80 to 2,400 m 2



an EE&RE demo caravan



the Sustainable City Resources Centre



the Solar Law

(Solar Ordinance) 29

Realising the EE and the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (7) 

The solar/wind/efficient caravan:

Equipment being used in Barcelona city and around Barcelona province’s villages and cities to show in real operation how a house could run with renewables and energy efficient appliances 35

Realising the EE and the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (8) 

The Sustainable City Resources Centre:

A municipal fixed facility equipped with a permanent exhibition with energy efficient devices and appliances and renewable energy devices. It’s open to the public, free of charge, since May 1999.

35

Realising the EE and the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (9) 

The Solar Law or the Barcelona Ordinance on Application of Solar Thermal Energy Systems into the Buildings

The Law enforces

all the new buildings

to be built in Barcelona (and

all the integrally retrofitted buildings

) to have

Solar Thermal Water Systems to cover 60 % of sanitary water heating needs.

Adopted by the Plenary Session of the Council (July 1999) Mandatory since 1 st August 2000

.

32

Realising the EE and the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (10) 

Solar Thermal Water Systems in all the existing municipal sports facilities

. Two first installations completed:  Poliesportiu Torrent de Melis (74 m 2 of solar collectors)  Piscina Bon Pastor (80 m 2 of solar collectors).

33

Realising the EE and the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (11) 

A PV Solar Roof at the two main buildings of the City Hall

EC Thermie Project 1,000 m 2 , 100 kWp 34

Realising the EE and the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (12)  Efficient lighting systems at the City Hall Buildings: - replacement of all Incandescent Lamps in the City Hall buildings (October 1995) - replacement of all old fluorescent lighting systems in a main City Hall building -8 flats- (April 1998): savings of more than 250,000 kWh/year.

35

Realising the EE and the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (13)  Biogas valorisation from organic fraction of wastes  Garraf Landfill  3 Methanisation Plants (75,000 tn each) 36

Realising the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (14)  All that have not been possible without a lot of complicities, ranging from companies to NGOs.

Realising the EE and the RE Potential: the case of Barcelona (15) 

The future I hope that the work done until now will expand and in the next future we will see Barcelona city and its metropolitan area as a region where the Sun plays an important role as a energy source providing the required energy services

(with end-use efficient technologies)

for living lightly on the Earth.

CLEAN & ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES Global People’s Forum Josep Puig i Boix e-mail: [email protected]

web: www.energiasostenible.org

END

01/05/2020