Transcript Motivation and Emotion

Motivation
Some last thoughts on why we do
what we do……
Instinct Theory

All organisms are born with some innate
biological tendencies that help them survive
(instincts). Instincts are not the result of
learning or experience. For example, infants
have an inborn rooting reflex that helps
them seek out a nipple and obtain
nourishment, while birds have an inborn
need to build a nest or migrate during the
winter. Cats raise their tail when they sense
danger, spiders spin webs to catch food.
Drive-Reduction Theory
 Some behaviors are motivated by
the desire to reduce internal
tension caused by unmet biological
needs
 A physiological need creates an
aroused tension state (a drive) that
motivates an organism to satisfy
the need
Drive-Reduction Motivation
 Homeostasis = The body monitors and
maintains relatively constant levels of
internal states, such as body
temperature, fluid levels, and energy
supplies
 If any of these levels deviates very far
from the optimal level, the body initiates
processes to bring the condition back to
normal
Drive-Reduction Motivation
 A grumbling stomach and fatigue signal hunger.
To bring your energy state back to an optimal
level and achieve homeostasis, your behavior is
to eat.
 Dry mouth is a signal of water depletion. In order
to bring water levels back to normal, you drink.
 Goose-bumps or shivering signals low body
temperature. You put on a jacket to get warmer.
 You have muscle tension and a headache, so
you take Ibuprofen to feel better.
A Specific Drive Reduction
Behavior – Hunger and Eating
What physiological factors
cause us to feel hungry?
What psychological factors
cause us to feel hungry?
Hunger – Physiological Factors
 Orexin is a neurotransmitter found in the
hypothalamus. It stimulates the cravings for
hunger.
 Leptin is a hormone produced by fat cells.
Increased levels of leptin cut orexin
production, decrease hunger and raise
metabolism. Decreased levels raise orexin
production, increase hunger, and decrease
matabolism.
Hunger – Physiological Factors
 Ghrelin
 Gherlin is the hormone secreted by
an empty stomach. It sends an “I’m
hungry” signal to the brain to
increase orexin production.
 PYY (Peptide YY)
 PYY is a digestive tract hormone
that sends an “I’m not hungry”
signal to the brain and to cut orexin
production.
Hunger – Physiological Factors
Lateral Hypothalamus – part of
the brain responsible for
stimulating hunger
Ventromedial Hypothalamus –
part of the brain responsible
for stopping eating
Hunger – A Psychological Factor
The Garcia Effect – Simply
thinking about a certain food
and its pairing with an
unpleasant episode will curb
your desire for that food
Opponent-Process Theory/
Arousal Theory/Yerkes-Dodson Law
Motivation for some
behaviors is based on
emotions (an emotional
homeostasis).
Behaviors are motivated by
an emotional drive or
influenced by moods.
Opponent-Process Motivation
 We’re sad, so we eat to feel better.
 We’re lonely, so we join an online
chat group or gaming site to feel
connected.
 We’re happy, so we buy a new
outfit and go dancing.
 We’re nervous, so we chew on a
pen cap to reduce tension.
Incentive Theory – Extrinsic Motivation
 Some behavior is motivated solely by the pull
of external rewards (reinforcement principal)
Incentive Theory – Extrinsic Motivation
 We’re motivated by money.
 We’re motivated by fame.
 We’re motivated by the attention our
behaviors garner.
 We’re motivated by gifts and goods.
Typically with extrinsically motivated
behaviors, when a reward no longer follows a
behavior, the behavior stops.
Intrinsic Motivation
 Intrinsic motivation is when you are
motivated by internal factors. Intrinsic
motivation drives you to do things just
for the fun of it, because you believe it is
a good or right thing to do, to perform a
particular task or personal interest,
personal pleasure, it develops a
particular skill, or it’s morally the right
thing to do.
 You perform certain behaviors
regardless of what other people think or
how they react.
Motivation
The Humanistic
Perspective
 Humanistic psychologists stress that
behaviors are motivated towards personal
growth and the achievement of goals so that
an individual can fully realize all of their
potential in life
 A self-actualized individual is one who has
achieved all of their goals in life and wants for
nothing else. They are the best version of
themselves that they can be.
Maslow and Self-Actualization
People are motivated to satisfy
a progression of internal needs
and to achieve certain goals
 Once we have achieved all of
our goals at each level, we can
then become self-actualized.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological Needs
 the
need to breathe
 the need to drink and eat
 the need to dispose of bodily waste
material
 the need for sleep
 the need to regulate the bodily
temperature
 the need to seek shelter
 the need to reproduce
Safety Needs
 Security
of employment
 Security of revenues and resources
 Physical Security - violence,
delinquency, aggressions
 Moral and physiological security
 Familial security
 Security of health
Belongingness and Love Needs
This involves emotionally-based
relationships in general, such as
friendship, sexual relationship, or
having a family. Humans want to
be accepted, and to belong to
groups, whether it be clubs, work
groups, religious groups, family,
gangs, etc.
Esteem Needs
 The need to be respected, to self-respect
and to respect others. Need to engage
oneself in order to gain recognition, have
an activity which gives value to oneself, be
it in a profession or hobby. Imbalances at
this level can result in a low self-esteem
and inferiority complexes, or on the other
hand an inflated sense of self and
snobbishness.
Self-Actualization
 Self-actualization
is the need of a human to
make the most of their unique abilities.
Maslow described it as follows:
Self Actualization is the intrinsic growth
of what is already in the organism, or
more accurately, of what the organism
is.
 A musician must make music, the artist
must paint, a poet must write, if he is to
be ultimately at peace with himself.

Carl Rogers and Self-Actualization
In your attempt to achieve
self-actualization, there are
three factors motivating
factors that drive your
behaviors. You need to be:
Genuine
Behaviors are motivated by a
need for people to be open with
their feelings, drop their
facades, be transparent with
their innermost desires, and
hide nothing.
Accepting
(Unconditional Positive Regard)
Behaviors are motivated by
a need of people to have an
attitude of grace, value, selfworth, and being completely
accepting of other people
Empathy
Behaviors are
motivated by a person’s
need to share and
listen to others with true
understanding
Emotion
How do we
experience an
emotion?
James-Lange Theory
 When presented with stimulus, our body
reacts first. We cry, we laugh, our heart
races, our breathing becomes shallow, we
hug, we run away, etc. After the body
reacts, we feel an emotion based on what
behaviors we exhibited.
I
see a bear. My heart is racing and
I am running away. Those behaviors
mean I am afraid and I will run away.
Cannon-Bard Theory
When
a stimulating event happens,
we feel emotions and physiological
changes (such as muscular tension,
sweating, etc.) at the same time.
There is a simultaneous arousal and
emotion.

I see a bear. I feel afraid as my
heart races and I run away.
Schachter’s Two-Factor
Theory
 After the initial stimulus is
presented, our body begins to react
immediately. But before we
experience an emotion, we first
evaluate the stimulus and the
context it is presented in to
determine which emotion is correct.
 My heart is pounding and my palms
are sweaty. If the stimulus is a
bear, I feel fear and run away. If
the stimulus is another runner in a
race, I feel competitive and run
faster. If the stimulus is a test, I feel
nervous and ask for a pass. If the
stimulus is my date leaning in for a
kiss, I feel excited and pucker up.
What kinds of
emotions can
we feel?
 Carroll Izard identified 10 basic emotions:
 Joy
 Interest-Excitement
 Surprise
 Sadness
 Anger
 Disgust
 Contempt
 Fear
 Shame
 Guilt
How do we
express
emotions?
Facial Expressions - Paul Ekman
 Facial expressions of emotion
are not culturally determined.
They are universal across
human cultures and thus
biological in origin. Expressions
he found to be universal included
those indicating anger, disgust,
fear, joy, sadness, and surprise.
ANGRY
SAD
HAPPY