Transcript PowerPoint Sunusu - LEARNING ENGLISH WITH TANIA

CONDITIONALS
Conditionals have two parts;the if-clause and the main
clause
If ıt rains,I shall stay home tonight.
ıf clause
main clause
Either the main clause or the if-clause can come first.
When the if-clause precedes the main clause,we seperate
the two clauses with a comma.
You will wake the baby up if you keep speaking in this
way.
If you keep speaking in this way,you will wake the baby
up.
v Conditionals are usually introduced by ‘if’.Other
expressions with a similar meaning are;
unless, providing/provided (that), as long as, in case,
on condition (that), but for + noun, otherwise, or (else),
what if, supposing (that), even if, only if, assuming (that),
in the event (that).
You can camp here provided you leave no mess here.
Unless you start at once you will be too late.
You are welcome to stay with us as long as you share the
rent.
Some cyclists carry repair outfits in case they have a
puncture.
I will give you the day off on condition that you work on
Saturday morning.
We must be back before midnight;otherwise we’ll be
locked out.
She ran;otherwise, she would have missed her schoolbus.
We have to be in time or (else) we won’t get a good seat.
That was very clever,but what if you had slipped?
What if I came tomorrow instead of this afternoon?
Supposing you fell in love with your boss,what would you do?
You must leave the hotel even if you aren’t ready.
Even if I become a millionaire,I shall always be loyal to my
wife.
Only if it snows tomorrow will we cancel the picnic.
TYPE 1 ( PROBABLE)
Real Present
(True or likely to happen in the present or future)
v The meaning is present or future,but the verb in the
if-clause is in a present ,not a future tense.
Note that present cont. and present perfect are also
possible in the if-clause.
If I have money next year,I will go to Egypt to see the
Pyramids.
If the fog gets thicker, the plane may be diverted.
If your documents are in order, you can leave at once.
You must eat less if you are planning to lose some weight.
Oil floats if you pour it on water.
If there is a shortage of any product, prices of that
product go up.
If you are looking for Peter, you will find him upstairs.
I’ll ask the waiter the bill if you have finished dinner.
If he has written the letter, I will post it.
If you have got any exams tomorrow,why aren’t you
studying?
Give my love to Jane if you see her.
TYPE 2 ( IMPROBABLE)
Unreal present
(Untrue in the present;used to give advice)
v After ‘if ’,were is used instead of was for all
persons in type 2 in formal English.
If I were you I would plant some trees round my
house. (but I am not you)
If she lived near her office she’d be in time for work.
( but she doesn’t)
I’d lend it to you if I had a map.
(I haven’t a map; the meaning is present)
v There is no difference in time between the first and
second types of the conditional sentences.Type 2, like
type 1, refers to the present or future,and the past tense
in the if-clause indicates unreality or improbability.
If you asked me nicely, I might take you out to lunch.
If he had a permit,he could get a job.
You might succeed if you tried again.
NOTE that could and might can replace ‘would’ in
conditional structures.
Peter is on holiday;he is touring Italy.If I were on
holiday I might be touring Italy too.
if + past continuous is possible.
( we are travelling by air and) I hate flying.If we were
travelling by boat, I ‘d feel much happier.
TYPE 3
Unreal Past
(Imaginary situation contrary to facts in the past; used to express regrets)
If you had worked harder last year, you’d have
probably passed your exam
If I had known that you were coming I would have met
you at the airport.( but I didn’t know ,so I didn’t come.)
He would have been stopped at the frontier if he had
tried to leave the country.( but he didn’t try.)
NOTE that could and might may be used instead of
‘would’.
If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life.
(ability).
If we had found him earlier we might have saved his life.
(possibility)
If my parents hadn’t been poor I could have gone to
university.
If the illness had been diagnosed a day earlier, it might
have made all the difference.
v We can use the past perfect continuous in the ifclause.
I was wearing a seat belt when the accident happened.If
I hadn’t been wearing one,I would have been seriously
injured.
v
MIXED CONDITIONALS
A combination of types 2 and 3 is possible.
The plane I intended to catch crashed and everone was
killed.If I had caught the plane,I would be dead now.
( type 3 + type 2)
If I had studied really hard at school I would be sitting in
a comfortable office now; I wouldn’t be sweeping the
streets.
( type 3 + type 2)
•
If I were you, I would have told him the truth.
• If he were a brilliant student,he wouldn’t have failed
the test.
• If Jim were generous enough,he could have lent me
some money when I asked him yesterday.
Wish / If only
A. I wish (if only) + Past tense
Use: wish/regret about a present situation we want to
be different.
/ wish we were in Paris now. (It's a pity we aren't.)
B. I wish (if only) + could + bare infinitive
Use: wish/regret in the present concerning lack of
ability
/ wish I could swim. (but I can't)
C. I wish (if only) + Past Perfect
Use: regret that something happened or didn't happen
in the past
/ wish you had told me earlier. (but you didn't)
I wish (if only) + subject + would + bare inf
Use: wish for a future change unlikely to happen or wish to
express dissatisfaction; polite request implying dissatisfaction
or lack of hope
a. "wish" and "would" should have a different subject.
We never say: I wish I would, He wishes he would ..etc.
b.
wish + inanimate subject + would is used to express
the speaker's lack of hope or disappointment
I wish he would stop smoking.
(But I don't think he will - wish for a future change
unlikely to happen.)
I wish students would pay more attention,
(dissatisfaction)
I wish the wind would stop blowing.
(But I'm afraid it won't stop blowing - wish implying
disappointment)
I wish you would be more careful.
(Please, be more careful - request implying lack of hope)
Omission of IF
Should you have any difficulty in getting spare parts ring
this number.
( if you should have any difficulty in ........... )
Should these biscuits arrive in a damaged condition please
inform the factory.
( if the biscuits should arrive in a damaged ........... )
Were I in your shoes, I would treat her like a lady.
( if I were in your shoes, ............... )
Had I realized what you intended, I would have tried to
change your mind.
(if I had realized what you intended, .............. )
but for
if it weren’t for .... (noun)
if it hadn’t been for ...... (noun)
If it weren’t for his wife’s money he would never be a director.
If it weren’t for the children, we wouldn’ t have anything to
talk about.
If it hadn’t been for your help, I would have been in great
trouble.
My car broke down. If it hadn’ t been for / But for that, we
would have been in time.
• .................the machine ...............you any further
trouble, don’t hesitate to contact me again.
•
•
a) Will / give
c) Had / given
b) Should / give
d) Did / give
• If you............to see any nice-looking tomatoes while
you’re at the market, ............you............some for me?
a) have happened / would / have got
b) should happen / could/get
c) would happen / were / to get
d) were / will / get
• If she .............so absent minded, she.............her
•
•
•
umbrella on the bus.
a)hadn’t been /wouldn’t have left
b)isn’t / didn’t leave
c)weren’t / wouldn’t have left
• If contributions...............to come in this rate,
•
•
•
we..........all the money we need by the end of next
week.
a)had continued / might have raised
b)continue / will have raised
c)continued / are raising