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The implementation of the GDE matrix in Swedish driver education Nils Petter Gregersen NTF Sweden Swedish licensing system Cornerstones of education Goals Instructor’s competence Test Education process Mål Utförarkompetens Prov Utbildningsprocess Competence needs for safe drivers • Lack of knowledge about what is allowed and what is forbidden is a small problem • Lack of insight about hazards and consequences of dangerous behaviour in traffic is a big problem • Lack of basic car control skills is a small problem • Lack of driving experience and routine is a big problem • Drivers’ decisions, based on other psychological and social aspects than traffic, is a big problem Mål GDE matrix Utförarkompetens Prov Utbildningsprocess (Goals for Driver Education) (Hatakka, Keskinen, Glad, Gregersen, Hernetkoski, 2002) Knowledge and Risk increasing skill aspects Goals for life and skills for living Goals and context of driving Driving in traffic Vehicle control Lifestyle, age, sex, Personality, Group norms, Company culture Time planning Route planning Fitness to drive Sensation seeking Risk acceptance Safety ignorance Peer pressure Alcohol, Stress, Tiredness Rush hour Traffic rules Speeding Co-operation Close-following Hazard perception Low friction Automatization Vulnerable r.u. Car functioning No seatbelts Protection systems Breakdown of veVehicle control hicle systems Physical laws Worn-out tyres Self assesment Introspective competence Own preconditions Impulse control Own motives influencing choices Self-critical thinking Calibration of driving skills Own driving style Calibration of carcontrol skills Mål Utförarkompetens Prov Utbildningsprocess Driver instructor education • A need for better driver instructor education i most countries • The GDE matrix should be used as one fundament of the education of instructors • Modern educational methods PBL, coaching…) • Ability to take part of relevant research • Support methods for supervised driving MERIT Minimum European requirements for driver instructor training Mål Utförarkompetens Prov Utbildningsprocess Formal education is important because … • learner drivers need to learn about: – – – – – – Group norms, peer pressure, personality etc Alcohol/drugs and tiredness Speed adjustment Driving on slippery roads Protection systems, biological tolerance of the body Driving in darkness • they need to develop motivation to drive with large safety margins • parents cannot be expected to have the competence to teach these abilities • all goals cannot be evaluated in the final tests Latest news in Sweden Goals Instructor’s competence Education process Education process Test • National GDE goals (all licence classes) • New education for driver instructors • Introductory education for learner and supervisor • Risk education (alcohol, drugs, tiredness, speed, protection systems, low friction) • New tests adjusted to national goals Mål Utförarkompetens Prov Utbildningsprocess Misstakes in development of Swedish driver education • The GDE matix was introduced without adjusting the other cornerstones • No change of instructors’ education • No change of obligatory education • No change of practical or theoretical test • Singel changes have been introduced but the disharmony between the cornerstones remains • Sweden needs a complete revision of the driver education system Recommendations driver ed. • • • • • • • • Harmonised components (“cornerstones”) GDE matrix, more focus upper and right Improved instructors’ education Development of the test (hazard perc., self assessment...) More use of PBL, coaching, group discussions and other student centered techniques Professional education for insight and skills Accompanied driving for experience Make use of normal school for general approaches