Transcript Wachstum der Windkraft in Europa

Development of Wind Power in Austria
Importance of Regional Initiatives
and Financing Models
Stefan Hantsch
Dr. Ursula Nährer
www.igwindkraft.at
IG Windkraft –Austrian Wind Energy Association
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founded in 1993
1500 members
all important manufacturers
and operators
boardmember of
EWEA and EREF
www.igwindkraft.at
Windpower in Europe
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End of 2005:
40,500 MW installed
83 billion kWh
annual rate of growth
since 1995:
32%
Quelle: EWEA
www.igwindkraft.at
new capacity in Europe: Wind is N°2 since 2000
Natural Gas
Windpower
Coal
Nuclear
Fuel oil
Large Hydro
Quelle: EWEA
www.igwindkraft.at
Casestudy Austria
Experts Opinion:
No chance for Wind in Austria
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small landlocked country
8 Mio. inhabitants
84.000 km² (1% of Brazil)
Experts until the 1990s:
“There is no wind in Austria”
Three institutions measured
wind for more than 100 years
www.igwindkraft.at
Wind Power in Austria
Today:
1.000 MW Wind
N°15 in the world
There is wind!
How could this
happen?
www.igwindkraft.at
Background
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High level of consciousness
regarding energy
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Tradition of producing and
using own energy
(wood for heating in rural areas)
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Important events:
energy crises in 70th and 80th
referendum 1978 rejected an
already built nuclear power plant
www.igwindkraft.at
Solar-Waterheating Do-It-Yourself Initiatives
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1985 two men constructed very
simple collectors that worked
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Do-It-Yourself groups spread
over large parts of the country
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Today number 3 in the World
m²/capita Solar industry has
40% market share in Europe
The process enforced other
initiatives
www.igwindkraft.at
Regional Wind Power Initiatives
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Such a group constructed
their own wind measurement
equipment and found sites as
windy as at the coast
(Remember the experts)
Promoted the idea of
searching windy sites with
simple wind measuring
systems
www.igwindkraft.at
Participation of local Population
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New Players
Problem: lack of
equity capital
Solution: Idea of
broad (financial)
involvement of
local population
Local population
becomes co-owner
of power plants
www.igwindkraft.at
Typical Procedure – Example „Windkraft Simonsfeld“
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An electrician of a very small town was
interested in wind power (1995).
Together with 20 friends he raised
9,000 $ for wind measurement
Successful measurements: these
people set up a limited company
he convinced opinion leaders
information evening events
To raise equity capital set
up a corpnership
-> Limited Partnership
In 1998 first 2 turbines
Investment volume of 1.6 mio.$ Private limited
Company
Corpnership
Equity capital:150,000 $ from
123 people
Today: 850 People 85 MW
Equity capital of 21 mio. $ raised,
Limited Partnership
total investment of 110 mio. $
www.igwindkraft.at
Economic Impact
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Around 40% of installed wind power are
made by participation projects
(30% other private investors; 30% utilities)
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Investment volume of 650 mio.$,
equity capital sum of 125 mio. $
Chance for small companies to keep the
pace with utilities or other big investors
www.igwindkraft.at
Conclusions
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Of utmost importance were efforts of private
individuals or small groups
These were the driving forces in the process
Denmark:
Early 20th century
Electrification
started with 300
decentralized
Wind-Dieselsystems
Denmark:
In the 1970th
Modern wind
industry started
in the workshop
of a carpenter
Austria:
In the 1980th
Solar Heating
Austria
In the 1990th
Windpower
www.igwindkraft.at
Conclusions
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Most successful approaches were practical and
sort of grassroots-developments.
A fecund soil and a local technical capacity for
new ideas existed
The involvement of the local population was
positive for a good acceptance of the new
technologies.
Don’t trust experts too much!
www.igwindkraft.at
Sociological Considerations
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Find or create structures that are of use for
motivated people, support and encourage them.
To fight poverty it will not be enough to let the
field only to big investors, but to give the
population a share of their energy supply.
Financial involvement of the local population was
successful in Austria, but there people have money
In regions with poorer population it might be an
idea to get a pre-financing and the created new
companies earn (a part of) the money back.
www.igwindkraft.at
Legal Considerations
European experience shows:
feed-in tariffs are more effective and efficient
What is important for (independent) investors:
Long
term investment security
Feed in Tariffs (fixed price for the produced electricity)
Purchase obligation
Guaranteed and regulated grid access
Necessary because of the unbalanced situation of grid
operators and independent power producers
www.igwindkraft.at
Information starts not at University Level
“Wild Wind” :
pupils-project:
more than
10,000 pupils
visited each year
www.igwindkraft.at
Thank you again
for the possibility to
visit your wonderful
continent!
More information:
www.igwindkraft.at
www.windpower.org
www.ewea.org
www.igwindkraft.at
Why does the EU support Renewable Energy Sources (RES)?
dependency - price risk – costs - CO2
->EU Renewable Energy Sources Directive
2002
increase the share of electricity from RES
from 13 to 20% until 2010
www.igwindkraft.at
Types of support mechanisms
Tendering
Systems
Green certificates
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Feed in Tariffs (REFIT)
 The producer of green electricity gets a fixed
price for the produced electricity for a period of
several years (10-20 years)
 Purchase obligation: the power is purchased by
grid operators or any other institution and then
proportionately distributed to power distributors
 Guaranteed and regulated grid-access
 -> Level playing field
www.igwindkraft.at
Prices paid for Wind in Europe
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EU Komm Report 2005 S.45
www.igwindkraft.at
Windpower in Europe
Total End 2005:
40,500 MW
Quelle: EWEA
www.igwindkraft.at
Conclusion support mechanisms
European experience shows: feed-in tariffs have
proven to be more effective and efficient:
What is important for investors:
Long term investment security
Feed
in Tariffs
Purchase obligation
Guaranteed Regulated grid access
(necessary because of the unbalanced situation)
A stable framework provides lower risk and
therefore allows cheaper production costs
www.igwindkraft.at
Legal Considerations
(Independend) Operators of RES
need security:
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Feed in Tariffs
Purchase obligation
Guaranteed and regulated grid access
www.igwindkraft.at