ROLE OF NGOs IN SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: A STUDY IN DIFFERENT MUNICIPALITIES OF MANIPUR, INDIA By Ch. Raghumani Singh 1 and Dr. Mithra Dey 2 1 Research Scholar 2 Assoc. Professor Presented by Dr. Mithra Dey Department of Ecology & Environmental Science Assam University, Silchar 2014

INTRODUCTION

 Growth of human population, increasing economic activities and standard of living generates more municipal solid waste.

 Increased urbanization , rapid industrialization and changing lifestyles influences solid waste generation.

 The problem of solid waste is more severe in urban areas.

 Improper disposal methods.

 The per capita municipal solid waste (MSW) generated daily in India ranges from about 100 g in small towns to 500 g in large towns (Singhal and Pandey, 2001).

Contd.....

Contd…..

 Open dumping of garbage facilitates the breeding for disease vectors.

 MSWM is not taken up seriously either by public or by concerned authority in most places.

 Diversified nature of solid waste.

 The present study has been carried out in three municipalities of Manipur, NE India and highlights the participation of NGOs and other community based organisations in the management process.

Districts

Imphal (East and West) Thoubal Bishnupur

Area

1,22,800 (hectares) 514 (sq. km) 496 sq. km.

STUDY AREA Location

24 o 33 ´ N to 25 o 55 ´ N latitudes and 93 o 42 ´ E to 94 o 7 ´ E longitudes 23 o 45 ´ N and 24 o 45 ´ N latitude and 93 o 45 ´ E and 94 0 15 ´ E longitude.

24 o 15 ´ 24 o 45 ´ and N latitudes and 93 o 30 ´ and 94 o 0 ´ E longitudes

Population

8,39,258 3, 64,140 2, 08, 369

Density

856 and 557 persons/sq.km for East & West respectively 708 persons per sq. km.

420 persons per sq. km

WASTE SAMPLING LOCATIONS Name of Municipality

Imphal Municipality

Sampling locations

S-1 Lamphel disposal site, S-2 Nagamapal, S-3 Sanjenthong officer’s quarter, S-4 Sangolband Moirang leirak Machin and S-5 Iroisemba Community Hall represents disposal area, market, high income, mixed and low income areas respectively.

Thoubal Municipality Bishnupur Municipality T-1 Disposal site, T-2 Thoubal Achouba, T-3 Athokpam makha, T-4 Thoubal wangmataba parking and T-5 Thoubal Khunou represents disposal area, market, high income, mixed and low income areas respectively.

B-1 Disposal site, B-2 Bishnupur bazar, B-3 Thiyam Leikai, B-4 Behind District Library and B-5 Chothe represents disposal area, market, high income, mixed and low income areas respectively.

METHODOLOGY

 The waste samples were collected from each sampling site taking 10 grabs samples(to make 1 kg each) from different areas of the waste heap at a particular sampling site and then mixed thoroughly to get a composite sample for each sampling location (Nanda et al., 2003, Ingle and Mali, 2000).

 The samples were then percentage (Malviya et al., 2002).

segregated in different components. The contents of each component were weighted on wet weight basis and results were expressed in Contd.....

The average of weighted components of the five sampling locations of each study sites was calculated.

 The data for the study is collected largely from the primary sources and also from the secondary data.

 Data about quantity of municipal solid waste, daily disposal system, and availability of containers, collection frequency and vehicles used in transportation was collected from the municipal authority and also verified during field survey.

 Secondary as well as primary data was collected on the participation of NGOs and community based organisation.

Interviews were conducted with residents to obtain data.

RESULTS and DISCUSSION

Table- 1: Area (in sq.km), No. of wards and population of three municipalities in Manipur Name of Municipality Area

Imphal Thoubal Bishnupur 34.48

11.50

6.18

No. of Wards Population

27 18 12 219467 24738 10264

Table- 2: Staffs involved in Solid Waste Management Activities at the three Municipalities in Manipur Imphal Thoubal Bishnupur Category of Staff

Health Officer Sanitary Officer 1 1 x x x x Deputy Sanitary Officer Sanitary Inspector Jamandar Sweeper Driver

Total

80 8

100

3 6 1 x x 1 6 1

8

x x 1 4 1

6

PRESENT STATUS OF SWM

 Collection 

In Imphal- Out of 150 tons of waste generated per day 70

to 80 % are collected and disposed by municipality and NGOs. Municipal workers collected daily from the main market and weekly from the peripheral markets. NGOs

collect waste from the houses of different wards.



In Thoubal- 1 ton of waste per day are generated from the

market area. Collection is done once or twice in a week depending upon the production and accumulation of waste in the market areas.



In Bishnupur- Only 0.44 ton of waste are generated from

the market area only. Collection is done early in the morning from the market area only. Of late women vendors rebuke them as it means Bad luck for the day.



Segregation

 No proper segregation is practiced in all the three municipalities. Wastes are mixed up. Electronic and some amount of biomedical wastes are thrown with the municipal wastes.



Storage

 Storage facilities are inadequate in all the three municipalities.

 In Imphal- About 10 bins of 2.4 cu m size are kept in the market area. Domestic wastes-in plastic bucket, cartoons, bags, polythene / thermocol box etc.

 In Thoubal & Bishnupur – waste is stored in plastic containers, buckets and polythene etc. In both the municipality backyard pit is used to dispose the waste.



Transportation

 In Imphal- collected waste are transported to disposal site by trucks or tractor-trailer. NGOs use DI-Tata and 407 Canter trucks. Lifting of waste is done manually.

Sometimes JCB machine is used for loading waste in the market areas.

 In Thoubal and Bishnupur- Tractor-trailer is used for the transportation of the waste. Lifting of waste is manual.

Sometimes Tata Tipper is used in Thoubal.

Table- 3: Types of Vehicle and Total No. currently used in Solid Waste Management

2 3 4 5 6

Sl. No.

1 7s 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Types of Vehicle

Ashok Leyland Tata Tipper Canter Tipper Canter Truck Tata Truck Tractor JCB Road Roller Bulldozer Dumper Placer Carrier System (new) Tata 407 Tipper (new) Tata ACE HT Tipper(new) Max Sweep(Sweeper Machine) (new) Power Sweep (new)

Total Imphal

2 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 1 3 5 5 1 1

29 Thoubal

x 1 X X X 1 1 X X X X X X x

3 Bishnupur

x x X X X 1 1 X X X X X x x

2



Disposal



In Imphal- Open dumping in temporary disposal site (10

acres) which is owned by a local club, KRYPHSA (Kangchup Road Young Physical and Sports Association), Naoremthong.

 Imphal municipality has 88 acres of land for disposal at Lamdeng where construction is going on.



In Thoubal- 26 acres of land for disposal at Thoubal

khunou. Here waste are randomly disposed. Sanitary landfill was constructed but failed due to landslide.

Contd.....

Contd…..

 Households dispose domestic waste in their backyard. From earlier days there is a culture of keeping waste pit in their backyard. Sometimes individual person allow the municipal authority to dump it in their low-land areas.



In Bishnupur- it has 4.94 acres of land at Chothe which

is nearly 3 km away from the Bishnupur bazar.

Sanitary Landfill construction is almost completed.  But in this municipality as the household have enough spaces there is the culture of keeping waste pit in their backyard.

10 11 12 5 6 1 2 3 4 7 8 9

SL. No.

Waste Category (in gram) CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTE Percentage weight of the refuse in different sampling sites

Imphal Thoubal Bishnupur Organic Waste Paper S-1 12.46

S-2 4.7

S-3 8.09

S-4 6.5

S-5 4.04

Mean T-1 7.16

9.72

T-2 7.08

T-3 57.48

73.83

57.48

59.69

54.49

60.59

58.88

68.48

58.38

43.8

5.18

T-4 5.64

Plastic 20.36

3.4

Glass Metal Leather Rubber Wood 8.42

10.71

3.8

1.46

0.12

0.62

0.88

2 0.18

1.08

0 0 1 1.67

20.02

1.68

1.5

0.34

0.2

0 1.8

10.19

2.67

2.07

5.75

11.02

12.61

10.84

8.31

0.98

0.89

1.86

2.73

1.4

0.95

0.2

0.12

5.67

1.07

0 0 0.24

1.74

0.12

6.18

0.16

0.04

1.75

0.7

0 0.5S6

1.01

0.49

2.34

1.96

1.688

2.12

0 0.84

1.54

0.32

0.94

1.12

4.16

0.8

0 0.17

0 1.87

T-5 Mean B-1 70.86

60.08

B-2 50.33

61.77

B-3 B-4 B-5 Mean 54.6

50.28

71.56

57.71

2.67

6.06

12.14

9.65

7.8

6.81

2.21

7.72

0.5

0 0 0 0 0.2

11.1

2.65

0.59

0.01

0.26

0.82

1.37

7.97

2.99

1.81

0 1.12

0.48

2.51

11.81

0.18

0.52

0 0.2

0.3

1.85

12.21

2 1.63

0.25

1.82

0.92

1.82

9.66

1.57

0.97

0.33

0 2.94

2.94

2.32

0.45

0.83

0 0 0.39

0.51

8.8

1.44

1.15

0.12

0.63

1 1.93

Textile Biomedic al Waste* E Waste** Miscellan eous*** 2.1

1.4

9.26

0 0 6.83

0.16

1.41

7.32

0.86

0 0.78

1.28

0.73

0 0.82

0 1.42

25.04

12.51

8.54

0 0 10.89

0 0.51

18.5

4.4

0.67

18.13

0 0 22.37

1.14

0.24

15.69

2.09

0.26

0 0 18.3

13.72

0 0.51

0 1.13

16.84

23.39

0 0 21.74

0.418

0.38

18.8

Fig 1 Comparative graph of Physical composition of municipal solid wastes in the three municipalities

ROLE OF NGOs

 In Imphal municipality- NGOs in the waste collection system started from August 2007 after the municipality privatized the system on 23 rd July 2007 to improve the system under public private partnership.

 Monthly charges/fee- Rs.100 and Rs.50 per month for household/ shop/ hotels/ restaurants/ offices within the commercial areas and household/shop/hotels/restaurants/ offices within the non-commercial areas respectively. There is a suggestion to raise household charge to Rs.70.

 Collection Frequency- Daily from the main market areas and once or twice from the households of different wards.

 Local clubs & meirapaibees(women’s organisation) extends social services during the strikes of municipal workers.

 In Thoubal & Bishnupur- There is no participation of NGOs .

No public private partnership system exists only some voluntary service by the local clubs and meirapaibees.

Table-5: Name of NGOs and the area (Wards) covered in Imphal Municipality

1

Sl. No.

Name of NGO

2

Wards covered

TACDEF (Thangmeiband Ward no.1, 2, 3, 5(some part – Sanakeithel and Lamphel Super market), 25(some part- Western side of Thangal Bazar and Assembly Constituency Northern side of MG Avenue) and 26(some part- Chingmeirong Western side).

Development Forum) SSF (Seven Security Force) Ward no.7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 24(some part- Eastern side of Paona Bazar and Babupara).

3 4 CRED (Centre for Research on Ward no. 5(some part- except Sanakeithel and Lamphel Super market), 6, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 24(some part- Western side of Environmental Development) Paona Bazar, Western side of NH-39, Nambulane) and 27.

WUM Manipur) (Workers’ Union Ward no. 4, 21, 22, 23, 25( some part- Eastern side of Thangal Bazar, Southern Side of MG Avenue and Western side of BT Road, and 26 (some part- Chingmeirong Eastern side).

KWAMS (Khaba Waste Management System)

 It is another NGO  They collect waste from the ward no. 23 only within the Imphal municipal areas with the understanding of WUM (Workers’ Union Manipur).

 They also collect from the private and government offices and institutions.

 They mainly cover the areas beyond municipality.

Role of Informal Sector

 Informal sector can also contribute to the management of municipal solid waste.

 It comprises of rag pickers, kabariwalas, middlemen and recycling factories, who pick up and recycle the waste away from the municipality.

 It plays a crucial role in lightening the burden on government exchequer and municipality by recycling.

 They generate self-employment by collection, segregation and recycling in a more organized and safe manner. Entrepreneurs are created.

 They not only create better living conditions but also basic rights to work.

SOME PHOTOGRAPHS DURING FIELD VISITS

Collection of waste in Imphal Municipality

Waste collection in Thoubal Municipality

Collection of waste in Bishnupur Municipality

Storage of Household waste Collection of waste from the Houses by NGOs in Imphal Municipality

Waste disposal site of Imphal Municipality Disposal site of Thoubal Disposal site of Bishnupur

Rag pickers and informal collection center

Conclusion

  Present system of management should be upgraded.

Segregation of waste at source for recyclable material should be encouraged so that the quantity of waste to be disposed can be minimized and recycling should be adopted.

 Frequency of collection and transportation to disposal site should be improved to avoid health hazards and to ensure aesthetic environmental condition.

 Awareness among the public can help the proper management of municipal solid waste.

 NGOs should also be able to participate in or influence policy making.

  Earmarking “No Litter Zones” should be introduced.

Mechanisms by which smaller entrepreneurs, civil society etc.

can participate in new waste management procedures and regimes should be developed.

Contd…..

 Contd…..

The municipality should coordinate with other local civic bodies, NGOs and Community Based Organizations (CBOs). They should also undertake phased programs to ensure community participation such as regular meetings with local resident welfare associations, etc.

 NGOs can also develop recycling units and generate resource. They can become entrepreneurs and this can lead to betterment employment of vermicomposting.

the generation region.

They and can economic undertake  NGOs can also make remarkable contribution in the management of municipal solid waste.

Thank You

for your kind

Patience