Transcript Chapter 22

Gotta Love Portugal
The Manchu
Bunch
You Ain’t Oda
Nobunaga
Chapter 22
Big Ideas
Notes and
Parodies by Mrs.
Ybarra
Sketches done by
Marissa Conner
Comparisons to last Chapter
• European intrusion into the African
commercial system with their entry into
the Asian trade network.
– Like in Africa, the Europeans did not affect
the interior right away.
• Set up trade forts in coastal areas and on islands
– Like Africa, not too many Asians interested in
Christianity
– Like in Africa, introduction of firearms
influenced political development
Contrasts to last chapter…
• Role of slavery – not as
significant
• Asian regions produced raw
materials, spices and
manufactured goods.
• Asian civilizations
(kingdoms) opted for
isolation while African kings
concluded commercial
alliances with the West.
The Portuguese
• They initiated contact in Africa and Asia.
• They attempted missionary work with
limited success.
• When the Asians first met them, the
Portuguese had been at sea. They were
smelly and unshaven. It was not common
Europe to bath everyday anyway, but
having been on the ships they were extra
“gamey.”
The Portuguese Arrival in India
• Discovered their products were too
primitive for profitable exchange.
• Learned that Muslim traders dominated
the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asian
commerce
• Identified that Islam blocked the spread of
Catholic Christianity
• Saw that Asians divided by local political
chaos were unaware of the threat posed
by the new arrivals.
Trade Network in Place
• Divided into three main zones
• Arab division
– Glass, carpet, tapestry manufacturing
• India division
– Cotton textiles
• China division
– Manufactured paper, porcelain, and silk textiles
• Peripheral regions
– Raw materials
• long distance luxury items and short distance bulk goods
• Vital intersections= Red Sea and Persian Gulf, Straits of
Malacca
• Central control and military force were absent
Portuguese Trade Empire
• Used force to enter the network
• Took advantage of divisions between Asians, won
supremacy on the African and Indian coasts.
– Victory at Diu 1509 against Egyptian-Indian fleet
– Forts constructed:
• Ormuz on Persian Gulf 1507; Gao India 1510;
Malacca 1511
• Established a monopoly over the spice trade and
attempted to license all vessels in the Indian Ocean
Mainland China
• Remember the Mongols had overthrown
the Song.
• The Mongol dynasty that replaced the
Song was the Yaun.
• The Yaun used various ethnicities in the
administration which angered the ethnic
Chinese scholar-gentry.
• The Ming overthrew the Yaun.
Textbook Facts on the Ming
• Zhu Yuanzhang was a military commander
of peasant origins, joined revolts against
the Mongols. He became first Ming
emperor taking on the name Hongwu in
1368.
• Though he was not well educated, he
ushered in a new scholar-gentry revival.
Hongwu’s Efforts to Control
Court Politics
• Limit influence of the scholar-gentry and
check other abuses at the court.
• Abolished the post of chief minister and
transferred to himself the considerable
powers of the office.
• Officials failing in their tasks were publicly
and harshy beaten
Managing court continued.
• Chose imperial wives from humble families
• Limited number of eunuchs
• Exiling all rivals for the throne to provincial
estates
• Writings displeasing to the ruler were
censored.
Domestic Policy
• Improve the lives of the peasantry by
agriculture aiding public works
• Opening new and untaxed lands
• Lowering forced labor demands
• Promoted handicraft industries
supplementing household incomes
• However…
Challenges and Social
Standings
• Growing power of rural landlords allied
with the imperial bureaucracy
• Peasants forced to become tenants or
landless laborers.
• Subordination of women to men and
youths to elders.
• Draconian laws forced obedience
Age of Growth: Agriculture,
Population, Commerce
•
•
•
•
Early Ming = economic growth
Unprecedented contacts with overseas civilizations
Commercial boom and population increase
Arrival of American food crops allowed cultivation of
marginal agricultural areas.
• By 1800 = more than 300 million Chinese
• Macao and Canton open to European trade.
• Wood block printing = more literacy and the full
development of the novel (first novel written by Japanese
woman)
Age of Expansion – Zhenghe
1405-1423
• Under Emperor Yunglo, the Ming sent
expeditions to Southeast Asia, Persia,
Arabia, and East Africa under the
command of Zhenghe.
• Scholar gentry believed the enterprise was
a waste of natural resources, that the
focus should remain on domestic issues.
• Expeditions ended by 1430.
The Ming
• During the Ming, the
Europeans came to visit.
Among the items they
traded was the potato.
• The potato did in fact
contribute to a population
boom in China.
• The Ming had to
somehow support a
quickly expanding
population and keep the
Europeans out.
The Qing
• When the Ming dynasty
began its decline, the
Manchu peoples of the
northeast pushed into
power.
• The Manchu had a great
army and they had a
system for knowing who
their supporters were.
• Those loyal to the
Manchu shaved their
hairline back to center
cranium and wore a
queue (pony tail.)
Portuguese Contact
• Main land China had a strong central
government when the Europeans arrived,
making incursion into the mainland difficult.
• The Jesuit missionaries were deemed
somewhat acceptable by Kangxi because they
were more intellectual. The priests were
interested in Chinese culture which won them
some respect.
• Though the Europeans were seen as backward,
the missionaries did show Kangxi a pair of eye
glasses and he was impressed.
Portuguese Vulnerability
• Lacked the manpower and ships to
enforce their power especially once the
Dutch began to challenge them.
– Dutch captured Malacca
– Dutch learned to peacefully exploit the
established system.
• Created spice monopoly
• When spice trade declined; relied on fees charged
for transporting products
• Bought and sold within the system
European Tribute Systems
• Europeans controlled the seas but not
inland.
– War occurred only in Sri Lanka, Java,
Northern Philippines,
– Paid tribute and worked as coerced laborers
European interaction with Japan
• Portuguese did some trade and introduced
missionaries.
• Missionaries were initially allowed in and
made converts.
• This process was brutally stopped when
internal political consolidation reached its
peak.
• Here is the story…
Mainland Japan
• By the late 1400s,
Japan was in political
chaos; The
Shogunate had
collapsed.
• Oda Nobunaga was
the first of the great
unifiers (by force!)
• He seized the capital
of Kyoto and place
the Shogun under his
control
Toyotomi Hideoshi succeeded him and
moved the capital to Osaka. He further
consolidated land and power.
Tokugawa Ieyasu was a poweful daimyo of Edo
and he succeeded Hideoshi. Tokugawa finished
unification and took the title of Shogun.
The early unifiers of Japan were interested
in European guns.
and Christianity was tolerated as a
competitor to Buddhist political monks.
Once Tokugawa finished unification, Christians
were no longer useful and European influence was
identified as a threat.
Tokugawa forced all westerners out and
those who didn’t leave fast enough were
beheaded or slashed.
End to this chapter of the
story…
• Official measures to restrict foreign
influence were ordered from the late
1580’s
• Christian missionaries were ordered to
lave;
• Persecution of Christians was underway
during the mid1590’s
• Christianity was officially banned in 1614
• By 1616 merchants were confined to a few
cities
• From 1630 Japanese ships could not sail
overseas
• 1640’s only Dutch and Chinese ships
visited Japan to trade at Deshima island.
• Western books were banned
• During the 18th century the revival of
NeoConfucian philosophy gave way to
school of “National Learning based upon
indigenous culture.
• Some of the elite in strong contrast to the
Chinese scholar-gentry, continued to
follow with avid interest Western
developments through the Dutch at
Deshima, Port of Nagasaki.
European Impact on Asian
Civilization
• The greatest impact was on the periphery
of Asian civilizations, especially in islands
where European tribute systems were
established
• The introduction of firearms to Japan
during its period of political centralization
• Otherwise impact was minimal
Europeans lacked desirable goods and
basically acted a s shipping agents for
Asian products
Christianity had little success against
Hinduism, Islam or Buddhism.
China and Japan opted for isolation from the
Europeans except were intellectual
curiosity allowed visitors.