Transcript The Marine Biome - Regional School District 17

The Marine Biome
by ryan.
Location
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Cover ¾ of Earth’s surface
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Includes oceans & coral reefs (an estuaries)
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Algae supplies world’s O and takes in CO2
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Evaporation of sea provides precipitation
Oceans
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Largest of all ecosystems
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Separated into zones
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Intertidal
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Pelagic
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Abyssal
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Benthic
Image from http://www.tidalzone.org/images/zones.jpg
Intertidal Zone
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Where oceans meets land
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Submerged or exposed based on
tides
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Communities are constantly
changing
Fauna includes worms, clams,
crabs, and shorebirds
Image from http://ehapc.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/ocean-water.jpg
Intertidal Zone
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Rocky coast
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Layered out along cliffs
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Higher areas have less diversity
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Submerged areas have more
species
Tidal Pools- warmed by sun
Sandy coast
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Less stratified
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Mud & sand prevent algae & plants
Muddy coast
Image from http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/Photos/IntertidalZone.jpeg
Adaptions
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Intertidal zones
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Avoid being swept away or crushed
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In & out of water
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Changes levels of salinity
Rocky
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Pounded by waves
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Niches in pools respond to changing factors
Sandy
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Hold onto something, dig, or shells
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Intertidal zones
Wetlands
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Water meets land
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Salt marshes and mangrove
swamps
Salt marshes
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Muddy
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Surrounded by estuaries, bays, or
lagoons
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Migratory birds
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Image fromhttp://www.capecodphotoalbum.com/SandMarsh.jpg
Food & rest
Pelagic Zone
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Open ocean
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Generally cold, but hard to tell due to thermal stratification
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Flora includes surface seaweed
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Fauna includes many fish & some mammals
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Whales & dolphins
Pelagic Organisms
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Often migratory forage fish
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Feed on plankton
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Herring, anchovies, capelin,
menhaden
Larger fish feed on forage fish
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Billfish, tuna, oceanic sharks
Image from http://www.foodliabilitylaw.com/uploads/image/Tuna%20Picture(1).jpg and http://www.pac.dfompo.gc.ca/sci/herring/hertags/images/herring_venus.jpg
Benthic Zone
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Below pelagic, but not the deep ocean
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Bottom is covered in sand, silt and/or dead organisms
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Temp. decreases with depth
Image from http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ncs/photos/samoa.jp
Benthic Zone
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Flora is primarily seaweed
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Fauna includes bacteria, fungi,
sponges, sea anemones, worms, sea
stars, fish
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Nutrient richness supports life
Image from http://www.richardseaman.com/Underwater/Belize/StillLifes/TubeSpongesSpikyPuce.jpg
Benthos
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Organisms that live in the benthic zone
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Many are adapted to live in substrate
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Live in deep water pressure, can’t survive in upper parts
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Little light penetration
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Scavengers and detritivores
Abyssal Zone
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Very cold (3°C), high pressure, high O, low nutrients
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Supports many inverts & fish
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Mid ocean ridges (b/w plates)
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Hydrothermal vents → chemosynthetic bacteria
Image from http://www.iantd.com/rebreather/abyss.jpg
Abyssal Organisms
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Need to withstand immense pressure
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Underslung jaws
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11,000 psi
Sift through sand
Includes black swallower, tripod fish, and giant squid
Image from http://www.spacesciencegroup.org/sootw/graphics/oceanlifezones3.jpg
Coral Reefs
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Distributed in warm, shallow water
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Continental barriers, fringing island, or atolls
Image from http://notexactlyrocketscience.files.wordpress.com/2006/10/nwhi__french_frigate_shoals_reef_-_many_fish.jpg
Coral Reefs
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Dominant organism is coral
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Consists of algae and polyp tissue
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Water is nutrient poor
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Coral gets nutrients from algae or plankton
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Other fauna is microorganisms, invertebrates, fish, urchins,
octopi, sea stars
Factors
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At all latitudes
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No elevation changes (ocean level, duh)
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Air currents affect ocean currents
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Changes the direction of currents
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Many different kinds of ocean currents
Image from http://www.lisisoft.com/imglisi/5/Themes/150980sun-over-the-ocean.jpg
Currents
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Upwelling
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Deep water currents
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Sea water cools, becomes saltier and denser and sinks
Warm surface currents
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Brings cold, nutrient rich water up from depths
Driven by winds & rotation
Cold surface currents
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Flow towards equator, driven by atmosphere
Currents
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Global conveyor belt
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Deep water sinks, then moves south around Antarctica
and north to Indian, Pacific and Atlantic
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Takes a thousand years for water to travel from North
Atlantic into the North Pacific
Image from http://www.crd.bc.ca/watersheds/protection/geology-processes/images/clip_image002_000.jpg
Human Problems
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Pollution
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2/3 of major cities are on coasts
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Kills marine life, threatens human health, algae blooms,
beach closures, coral reefs
Oceans carry pollution away from entry point
Image from http://www.dailystoke.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/ocean-pollu
Human Problems
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Carbon Emissions
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Raises acidity of the oceans
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“Level that is irreversible in our life times”
Affects oceans ability to absorb greenhouse gases
More ultraviolet rays
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Less plankton
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Goes down through food chain
Human Problems
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Plastic Debris
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Litter kills off wildlife
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Cut up can holders
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Animals mistake for food &
ingest
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7 billions tons of litter
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60% is plastic
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Last for 10- 20 years
Image from http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_08_img0463.jpg
Human Problems
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Oil spills
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Washes over surface & destroys habitats
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Recovery takes years
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Clean up costs millions
Overfishing
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Kills off species
Image from http://saferenvironment.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/oil_spill.jpg
Bibliography
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"Biomes." Animals of the World. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2009.
<http://www.animalsoftheworld.ecsd.net/biomes.htm>.
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"ECO-PROS Human Impact on Oceans." ECO-PROS - Ecology Protectors Society. N.p., 10
May 2006. Web. 29 Nov. 2009. <http://www.eco-pros.com/humanimpact.htm>.
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"Ocean Planet:Ocean Currents." OceanColor Web - SeaWiFS - JASON - Ocean Planet - In
Search of Giant Squid. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Nov. 2009.
<http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/OCEAN_PLANET/HTML/oceanography_currents_1.html>.
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Oilvia. "The Marine Biome." Author Stream. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Nov. 2009. <Olivia-36793-Marine-BiomewOrLd-OcEaN-Oceanic-Zone-Coral-Reef-Estuaries-Intertidal-Zones-WetlandsSince-the-asEntertainment-ppt-powerpoint>.
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"Marine 3." Thurston High School Springfield Oregon. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Nov. 2009.
<http://ths.sps.lane.edu/biomes/marine3/marine3.html>.
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"The Marine Biome." University of California Museum of Paleontology. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2009.
<www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/marine.php>.