Transcript Nomadic Challenges from Chinggis Khan to Timur

Time for Mong0ls!!!
CHAPTER 14
I. Mongol Empire of Chinggis Khan
 Social Order
 Nomadic
 herded goats & sheep
 specific breed of horse for well being & warfare
 Basic Mongol Societal Unit:
 Individual Family Tribes & Clan
 Clans could join together to face a threat, etc.
 leaders
 elected by free men
 usually strong militarily
 lose following if unable to support peoples
A.Making of a Great Warrior
 Temujin- young Mongol
 Grandfather Kabul Khanfamous warrior
 Father chief- died
 Had few supporters
 Target by rival clans
 Overcoming obstacles
 election as khagan in 1206
 He became who your book
calls Chinggis Khan
 Actually better known as . . .
B. Building the War Machine
• Warfare
• Trained from youth
• accustomed to killing & death
• Variety of weapons: Short bow- could hit a
target at 400 yds while riding
• Soldiers- ALL CAVALRY
• Tumens consisting of 10,000 warriors
• Specialized forces of spies, map makers
• Exploding arrows, early bronze cannons
D. Continued Assaults
Conquest under Genghis
• 1207: First campaign of conquest against Xi Xia
& Manchu Jin
• Worse if you resisted- slaughter everyone
(scholars, some artisans spared)
• all paid tribute
• Some trouble vs. Qin but beat them anyway
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acquired new weapons
Explosives
Bamboo rockets
Etc.
1219 Conquered Kara Khitai in Mongolia and
Muslim Khwarazam Empire of Muhammad
Shah II
Secret Strategy: Feigned retreat as battle
strategy
gained skills of Turkic horseman
D. Life under Mongols
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Assaults were brutal,
however leadership
focused on rebuilding
and harmony
Uniform legal code,
written Mongol
language
Religious tolerance
Encouraged artisan
production, secured
trade
E. Death of Chinggis & Division of
Empire
• 1226 Chinggis turned East
to finish slaughter of any
remaining resistance in
China; died of battle
injury in 1227
• Empire divided among 3
sons and grandson, Batu
• Ogedei (son) named great
Khan; directed further
expansion
• Areas of China & Persia
common property
Four Khanates of Divided Mongol
Empire
II. Mongol Drive West- Russia
and
Europe
 The Golden Horde
 Russia & Europe
 Batu (Genghis’s grandson)
began conquest 1236
 Russian princes did not work
together-lost
 Tartars “people from hell” or
locusts
 Kiev resisted (utterly
destroyed); Novgorod
submitted (spared)
• Russia in Bondage
 Princes became vassals
paying tribute
 Peasants forced into serfdom
for protection
 Towns & Trade benefited
 Moscow arose as Russia’s
defender in 1380 @ Battle of
Kulikova; Golden Horde
defeated
• Effects of Mongols on
Russian Society
– Military Organization
– Motive for Political
Centralization
– Formalized Russia’s
Isolation from W. Europe;
Renaissance &
Reformation
– Protected Russia from
rising Poland, Lithuania,
Hungary
• Mongol Retreat from Europe
– Europeans believed Mongols
to be Prester John until 1240
with conquest of Hungary
– Death of Ogedei caused
Mongol retreat
C. Mongol Assault on Islamic
Homeland
• Hulegu (G. Khan grandson), ruler of
the Ilkhan Khanate, captured
Baghdad, murdered caliphate in
1258 (remember? End of _______
Empire?)
• Devastated and terrified Muslim
world
• Mongols defeated 1260 by
Egyptian slaves, Mamluks, with
assistance of Christians
• Hulegu returned to central Asia
with succession struggle
III. Mongols in China- Part 2
• Kubilai Khan, led conquest of Song
dynasty
• 1271 change empire name from
Khanate to Yuan Dynasty
• Limited Mongol interaction with
China
– Forbade Chinese from learning
Mongol script; intermarriage
– Military remained separate in
traditional tent encampments
– Social Order: Mongol, Muslim,
North Chinese, Ethnic Chinese
– Rebuffed Confucian Scholars,
• But . . . Kubilai incorporated Chinese
into Mongol culture
– Built capital on ancient dynastic
centers
– Empire used Chinese calendar
– Participated in Ancestor Worship
Gender Roles & Chinese Culture
 Mongol women
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refused footbinding
retained freedom of movement-hunting
Retained property rights
Kubilai’s wife Chabi, influenced husbands leadership
• Mongol Tolerance & Patronage
 Kubilai attracted foreign scholars, artists- (Marco Polo)
 Muslim advisors advanced bureaucracy, astronomy, cartography,
medicine
 Insisted on Religious tolerance
Mongol Social Policies & Scholar Resistance
• Scholars despised Mongols
– Refused to reinstate exam
system-keep Confucians weak
– Moved Artisans, Merchants,
Actors up social hierarchy
• Mongols promoted urban
expansion, centers of trade
• Pursued policies improving
Peasants Plight
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Increased crop lands
Restored granary system
Reduced peasant tax
Planned public education
D. Fall of Yuan- HOW?
• Failure of Military excursion Japan,
Vietnam hurt INVINCIBILITY reputation
• Leaders after Kubilai- corrupt, luxurious,
• Song loyalists, Scholars, Secret Religious
Sects organized uprisings
• By 1350s, Mongols retreated as chaos
reigned
• Peace restored by Ju Yuanzhang, peasant
leader, with foundation of Ming dynasty
IV. Mongol Global Connections
• Taught new methods of warfare
• Facilitated trade networks
• Elevated merchants, set precedents of
overseas expansion
• Created wealth, used to support arts
• Transmission of Bubonic plague from China
to Europe