Transcript Chapter 1
Chapter 1
THE BEGINNINGS OF CIVILIZATION
New Suffixes for Years
Old way:
Up to year 0: BC – Before Christ
After year : AD – Anno Domini (year of our lord)
Poses problems when describing cultures whose
culture/religion/lifestyle does not revolve around
Christianity
New way:
Everything after year O is considered “Common Era”
Up to year O: BCE –Before Common Era
After year O: CE – Common Era
BCBCE
= BCE
CE
AD = CE
Day One
WHERE DO WE COME FROM?
HOW DID WE GET HERE?
HOW DO WE KNOW ??
Discovering the Past
:
The study of humanity
: the vast
period of time before the
development of writing
How do we learn about
the past?
From what is left behind
How do we learn about the past?
Anthropologists
Study
: preserved
remains or imprints of living
things
Study
: a society’s
knowledge, art, beliefs, customs,
values
Archaeologists
Study human material remains
: objects that people
in the past made or used
Coins, pottery, tools
The Nutcracker Man
Discovered in 1959 by Mary
Leakey
1.75 million years old
Heavy jaw and large teeth
Thus: “Nutcracker Man”
: humans and
early humanlike beings
that walked upright
Lucy
Discovered in 1974 by Donald Johanson
Partial Australopithecine (HOMINID) skeleton
Lived more than 3 million years ago
4 ft tall, walked upright (based on joints)
Major advancement:
hands free to use tools!
Mary Leakey’s most exciting find…
Mary Leakey later found
hominid footprints
preserved in hardened
volcanic ash
WHY?
3.5 m: oldest evidence
hominds walked upright
Most exciting find of her
career
Homo habilis
Based on the fossil record, more
advanced hominds began appearing
about 3 million years ago
1959: Leakeys found a new species
Homo Habilis (Handy Man)
More humanlike features
Smaller teeth
Hands better to grasp objects
Learned to make crude stone tools
Homo erectus
“upright man”
2 to 1.5 million years ago
Larger brain than earlier hominids
More skillful hunter
More advanced tools
Ax
Controlled fire
Cook food
Provide heat, protection
Live in colder climates
Homo sapiens
“wise man”
Appeared 200,000 years ago
Same species as us!
Larger brains
Developed more sophisticated
tools and shelter
Create Fire
Develop language
AUSTRALOPITHECINE – 4-5 MILLION YEARS
AGO
HOMO HABILIS – 2.4 MILLION YEARS AGO
HOMO ERECTUS – 2 – 1.5 MILLION YEARS
AGO
HOMO SAPIENS -- 200,000 AGO TO PRESENT
SPREADING AROUND THE WORLD
1.6 million years ago, the
world began experiencing long
periods of freezing weather
called the “Ice Ages”
World cycled between colder
and warmer periods
Huge glaciers advanced and
retreated
Glaciers advanced: ocean
levels fell
Bering Strait was an
exposed land bridge
Out of Africa
Homo erectus was first hominid to
migrate out of Africa
Fossils have been found in Asia and
Europe
Went to Southwest Asia, then Southern
Asia, Australia
Longer to reach Europe because of
Mountains and Colder climates
Disagreement on when first people
reached Americas
By at least 9000 BCE humans spread to
all continents
Adapting to New Environments
Adaption to new
environments caused
humans to develop the
genetic variety that exists
today
Body shape
Skin color
Eating habits
How do we adapt today?
What adaptations have you
made today, this month, this
year? How have we as a
culture adapted? The world?
Day 2
WHAT WAS LIFE LIKE DURING THE STONE
AGE?
HOW DO WE KNOW??
PALEOLITHIC ERA
Old Stone
Age
First Humans lived during this
time
Made tools mostly from stone
2.5 million years ago – 10,000
years ago
Stone Age Art – What does it say?
Stone Age People
: people who moved from place to place
as they followed migrating animal herds
Lived in small bands, or groups
Took cover in rock overhangs and caves
: people who hunted,
fished, and gathered wild plants, berries, nuts and
other foods
Men hunted
Women collected plants and cared for children
Each role was important: men and women equal
“Stone Age” Technology
Why is it called the Stone Age?
First tools made of chipped stones
Over time, people learned to make better tools out of
wood and bone as well as stone
Spears allowed hunters to stand farther away from prey, which
was safer
Later Stone Age people learned to make string from
plant fibers and animal sinew
Nets used to fish and capture small animals
Other new tools: bow and arrow, bone hooks, fishing spears,
canoes
“Stone Age” Fashion and Shelter
In colder regions, people learned to make needles
from bone and used needles to sew together
animal skins for clothing
Over time, skins used for shoes, hats, carrying
sacks
Also learned to build shelters
Pit houses: pits dug into the ground and covered with roofs
of branches and leaves
Some made frames from wood, others from mammoth
bones
Stone Age Peoples
: community of
people who share a common
Stone Age Societies
developed cultures that
included language, art, and
spiritual beliefs
: belief that all
things in nature have spirits
Dead buried with food and
objects belief in afterlife?
Lascaux Cave, France
Cave Art
Scholars aren’t certain what purpose early
art served
Representing the world as they saw it?
Used art to chronicle hunts?
To teach hunting skills?
Record movement of sun, moon, stars,
planets?
Honor animal spirits?
Study Groups:
Create “cave art” that reflects your culture
Group’s culture
AG culture
American culture
Teen culture, etc
What is important, valued, in your culture?
What would your drawings tell anthropologists about
you 10,000 years from now?
Day 3
HOW DID AGRICULTURE DEVELOP?
HOW DID AGRICULTURE CHANGE THE
WORLD?
HOW DO WE KNOW??
New Stone Age
New Stone Age
More sophisticated tools
8000 BCE – 3000 BCE
People learned to polish and grind stones
to shape tools with sharper edges
Specialized tools: chisels, drills, saws
Development of Agriculture
NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
Nomads farming
Development of agriculture is one of the most
important turning points in human history
Radically changed how people lived
Thus the “
”
10000 years ago warming trend ended the last Ice
Age
Sea levels rose
Ice Age plants & animals died, new species appeared
Barley and wheat
AGRICULTURE
Gathering new plants new plants grew where
seeds fell
Experimentation farming
: selective growing or
breeding of plants and animals to make them
more useful for humans
First domesticated animal: dogs
Livestock provided more stable supply of meat, milk, skins
and wool
Larger animals used to pull heavy loads and helped with
farming
AGRICULTURE
Agriculture changed Stone Age societies
dramatically
Population grew significantly
: people who ranged over wide areas and
kept herds of livestock on which they depended for food and
other items
People gave up nomadic lifestyle and formed settlements
People could farm and pool labor and resources
Lived close together in houses made of mud bricks
You tell me…
The development of
Agriculture
Effects of Agriculture
New tools
Box 1:
New plants
Populations grew
Domestication
Hunting/gathering
Pastoralists
Villages, towns built
tending fields and
livestock
Extra time
specialization and
craftsmanship (pottery)
Increased trade
Box 2: Social Stratification
Agriculture and trade made
societies more complex and
prosperous
Some rose to positions of authority,
overseeing planting and harvesting
Men performed the heavier work
in farming, and held positions of
authority
Box 3: Religion and Warfare
Began to construct structures for religious purposes
: European Neolithic monuments made of
stones for burial and spiritual purposes
affected by crop failure
Disease increased as people lived close together
Box 4: New Technologies
Farmers developed hoes and hand tools for planting
6000 BCE: animals pull plows
Farmers could till larger areas to produce more crops
Pestles and grindstones
Prepare grains
Pottery
Cooking, storing grains, oils, and water,
Metals: Copper, then bronze (mix of copper and tin)
Stone Age gave way to the
IN 3000 BCE
How Do we Know?
ÇATAL HÜYÜK & ÖTZI!
Çatal Hüyük
Neolithic village located in present day Turkey
More than 30 acres
People grew crops (barley, peas, wheat) around
village
Raised sheep, goats, wild cattle
Traded with people from as far away as Red Sea
Houses built close together
Entered through rooves
Religious shrines with bodies buried underneath floor
Interior walls covered with colorful paintings
Ötzi the Iceman
1991: hikers in Italian Alps found a frozen male body
preserved by cold, icy conditions
5,300 years old: from Neolithic Era
Outfit from 3 types of animal skins stitched together
Leather shoes padded with grass
Woven grass cape, fur hat, back pack
Deerskin quiver with arrows, flint dagger, and ax with
copper blade
Ware on front teeth suggest diet including coarse
grains
Arrowhead in shoulder suggests he was murdered
Day 4
CIVILIZATION ACTIVITY
LET’S EXPERIMENT WITH HOW
AGRICULTURE CHANGED SOCIETIES.
Day 5
HOW DID ADVANCEMENTS IN AGRICULTURE
CREATE THE FIRST CIVILIZATIONS?
ADVANCES IN FARMING
:
Network of canals or ditches that links
fields of crops to nearby streams or to
storage basins of water
Enable early people to farm more land
and to farm in drier conditions
Could plant more crops, produce more
food
villages could support larger
populations
Changing Economies
Because irrigation made farmers more
productive, fewer people needed to farm
Some people were able to work full time
jobs other than farming
Making tools/weapons, weavers, potters,
religious leaders
: economic
arrangement in which each worker
specializes in a particular task or job
Villages grow to Cities
First cities
More densely populated
More diverse populations
More formal organization
Defined center
Palaces
Temples
Monuments
Government buildings
Defensive walls
Served as center of trade
First Civilizations form from Cities
Arose in fertile river valleys
Tigris & Euphrates in ME
Nile in Africa
Indus in South Asia
Huang He in China
Rivers flooded annually, leaving mineral-rich silt
Valleys had fertile land to support growing pop.
Civilizations differed, but they all had
Developed cities Organized government, Formalized Religion
Specialization of labor, social classes, record keeping, Arts
Changes in Civilizations
Environmental Influences
Storms,
floods, food shortages
Spread of People and Ideas
Expansion and Warfare
Conflicts
over land, water, resources led to war
Through conquest civilizations expanded control
Developed into states and kingdoms