Transcript MORPHOLOGY – 5TH LECTURE

MORPHOLOGY –
LECTURE
DERIVATION
prefixation
suffixation
TH
5
Prefixation – cont’d
In the previous lecture we
considered prefixes according to their
meaning, and had listed the following
groups of prefixes:
1. negative
in (im, il, ir), un, non, dis, a
2. reversative
un, dis, de
3. pejorative
mal, mis, pseudo
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4. degree and size : over, under,
hyper, hypo, super, sub, arch, out,
semi, ultra
5. attitudinal
pro, contra, co, counter, anti
6. locative
super, sub, trans, inter
7. time and order
fore, pre, post, ante, re, ex
8. conversion
be, en (em)
9. mixed bag
auto, neo, proto, pan
10. number
bi, di (/di/, /dai/), tri (/tri/, /trai/),
mono, uni, multi, poly
According to their functions,
prefixes can be divided into
1. class-maintaining
2. class-changing
While class-maintaining prefixes are
semantic modifiers, class-changing
prefixes adjust the grammatical
functions of the words
Some class-changing prefixes are
a-: adjectives from verbs or nouns,
The house is ablaze (not: the ablaze house).
 be-: forms transitive verbs from
adjectives, verbs or nouns. befriend,
bewitch.
 en-: forms transitive verbs from nouns.
entomb, entrench
enslave, envision, enlarge, enable, entitle.
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Suffixation
In derivational suffixation we adjust
the grammatical function of the word
for a given syntactic slot
The ______ men and women prayed for food
and ________ .
hunger
forgive
hungry
forgiveness
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Suffixes are most often class-changing
Suffixes forming NOUNS
From nouns
–dom,
-ess,
-iana
-er
-ette,
-hood,
-ism,
-let,
-ling,
-scape,
-ship,
-ry
From verbs:
-ation
–ee
–ure,
–al,
-ary,
-er
-ment
-ing
–ance/ence
From adjectives:
-cy
–ness
-er
-ist
-ity
-ce
–dom
-hood,
-th
Suffixes forming Verbs
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from nouns –ify, -ize
from adjectives –en shorten,
whiten, lengthen!!!
Suffixes forming adjectives
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from nouns –al; allomorphic
variation -ial and –ual
-esque
-less
-ate
-en
-ese
-ful
-ic
-ly
-ous
-y
-ish
Adjectives from verbs
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–able, in conjunction with prefix –
un, unbelievable, unthinkable.
–less countless,
-ant/-ent
-atory
-ful
-ive
Adjectives from adjectives
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–ish greenish, eightish
–ly goodly,
-some queersome, lonesome
Suffixes forming adverbs
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-ly, -ward –wise –fold
–ways
–fashion
-style