Transcript PowerPoint 프레젠테이션 - DePaul Geography

East Asia
Communist bloc
Capitalist economy
N.Korea
Japan
S.Korea
China
Taiwan
Introduction

Cultural unity

Legacy of Chinese civilization/Empire


Confucianism, Chinese writing system
Ideological division in the second half of 20th century
Capitalist economy: Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong
 Communist bloc: China, North Korea


Core areas of the world economy
Environmental Geography
Resource Pressures in a Crowded Land
Mainland:
geologically stable
Insular belt:
geologically active
 Plate boundary
Japan’s physical environment
Prone to earthquake, volcano
85% mountain
Limited areas of alluvial plains
Taiwan’s environment
Rugged
Central/Eastern
region
Alluvial West
Also prone to seismic
activities
Chinese environments
flat
rugged
Huang He
Loess
Plateau North
China Plain
Yangtze R.
Sichuan
Basin
Xi Basin
Landscape regions of China





 More accessible
Korean landscapes
Mountainous North
and East
scattered
alluvial basins
in South and
West
Temperate
climates
Humid summer
Dry winter
 monsoon
Typhoon in the
summer
Three Gorges Dam
 Benefits
 Prevent
flooding
 Generate electricity
 Costs
 Jeopardize
Three Gorges
Dam
endangered species
 Inundate a major scenic attraction Yangtze R.
 Displace inhabitants
Flooding in Northern China
Huang He
(Yellow River)
Loess
Plateau North
China Plain
Upstream erosion
 sediment load accumulation
 rise of lake level
 flooding
Devastating
flood
Pollution exporting

How do you think Japan’s environment is?

It’s relatively clean considering large pop and industrialization
Why?


Relocating dirtier factories in wealthier countries to poorer
countries due to high cost of production and its strict
environmental laws

As a result, pollution is displaced to poorer countries
Population and Settlement
A Realm of Crowded Lowland Basins
East Asia, along with South Asia, is the most
densely populated, and most populous region



High population density, but low natural growth
Low fertility in China  “one-child” policy
Population loss and aging in Japan
Dense settlements in lowlands
North China
Plain
Light inhabitation in uplands
Sichuan
Basin
The lowlands in East Asia are among the most intensely used portions
Agricultural regions in China
Arid climates
Wheat, millet, sorghum
Rice
Abundant precipitation
Subterranean housing in Loess Plateau
Settlement and agricultural patterns in
Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan
 Highly
urban
 Among the most densely populated countries
 Crowded into the alluvial plains or basins
 Major food importers
 Global
resource procurement pattern
 Japan is virtually self-sufficient in rice
Settlement and agricultural patterns in
China and North Korea
 Relatively
rural
 These countries have long been self-sufficient in
food, but recently
 China
is moving towards food imports due to the rapid
industrialization
Major cities in East Asia
Seoul
Beijing
Shanghai
Taipei
Hong Kong
Tokyo
Major cities in East Asia
 China
 Shanghai:
economic center
 Beijing: political center
 Seoul
(South Korea), Taipei (Taiwan)
 Characterized
 Japanese
by urban primacy
cities
 Characterized
by superconurbation
Urban concentration in Japan
Superconurbation
Cultural Coherence and Diversity
A Confucian Realm?
East Asia is one of the world’s more
unified cultural regions
 Ancient
Chinese civilization in isolation from
other civilizations
 Writing systems
 Chinese
 Belief
characters
systems
 Confucianism,
Buddhism
The Chinese writing system

Ideographic writing

Each symbol represents an idea rather than a sound
Chinese writing system spread when the Chinese Empire
expanded
 Korean modifications
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
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Replaced by its own alphabetic system in 1400s
Japanese modifications

Chinese characters (kanji) mixed with hiragana, katakana
Belief systems
6c B.C.
China
Confucianism
6c B.C.
India
Buddhism
2c B.C.
China
Taoism
Korea, Japan
Theravada: South, Southeast Asia
Mahayana: China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam
Shinto (Japan)
2c A.D.
Zen
Geomancy
The Confucian legacy

Confucius’s philosophy aimed at generating social
stability (6th century B.C.)
Deference for authority  authoritarian government
 Emphasis on education (meritocracy)  advantage in
competition in global economy

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Confucianism in Japan was not as important as it was on
the mainland
Secularism in East Asia
 East Asia
is one of the most secular regions of the
world
 Confucianism as a philosophy rather than a faith
 Mahayana Buddhism is nonexclusive
 Most of Shinto-observing Japanese are not devout
 Marxist orthodoxy in communist states
The language geography of East Asia
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Japanese
Korean
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Han Chinese who
speak Mandarin

: Non-Han Chinese who
speak distinct languages
•Austronesian
•Taiwanese
(Fujianese)
•Mandarin
Han Chinese who
speak language
closely related to
Mandarin
Geopolitical Framework
The Imperial Legacies of China and Japan
 Centrality
of China (until 1800s)
 Japanese Empire (in the first half of 20th century)
 Political split by Cold War rivalries (after WWII)
The Evolution of China
1800 B.C.
Chinese civilization

200 B.C.
1800s A.D.
The first political unification Decline in power
For most of the past 2000 years, the Chinese Empire
was Earth’s wealthiest and most powerful state

The Chinese Empire failed to keep pace with the
technological progress of Europe in the 1800s
The historical extent of China
(200s B.C. ~ 1800s)
China in the 1800s
1840s
Opium Wars
 Hong Kong
ceded to British
1850s
Northernmost
Manchuria
annexed to Russia
1900
China divided
into “spheres of
influence”:
European power
The Rise of Japan
1868
1895
1905 1910
1931
1941 1945
Postwar geopolitics
 Division
 1945
of Korea
~ 1950
 North
 Korean
occupied by the Soviet Union; South occupied by U.S.
War (1950~53)
 Korea
 Division
 Civil
became a divided country with two governments
of China
conflict between nationalists and communists
ended with the Chinese Revolution (1949), forcing the
nationalists to retreat to Taiwan
Geopolitical issues in East Asia

Global
Cold War : communist bloc  capitalist economy
 Korean DMZ, Taiwan-China tensions
 End of Cold War: U.S.  China

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Regional: Border dispute

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China  India, Southeast Asia, Russia
Local: Autonomy in China
Autonomous regions in China (eg. Tibet, Xinjiang)
 Former colonies returned to China (eg. Hong Kong, Macau)

The demilitarized zone in Korea
Geopolitical issues in East Asia
Economic and Social Development
An Emerging Core of the Global Economy
 The
Japanese economic system
 The newly industrialized countries
 Chinese development
Disparities between capitalist and communist bloc
 Rapid economic growth in the second half of 20th century
 Increasingly, East Asia function as a global economic core

East Asia’s global ties
Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea are highly integrated into
global economic networks
Guandong, and Shanghai are relatively well connected to the global economy while
interior portions of China are isolated from the world economy
Let’s compare the economic system of Japan to
that of U.S.
U.S.
Japan

Role of private sector

Role of bureaucracy

Firms are significantly
influenced by investors

Interconnection between
a group of companies

Loose relationship
between employers and
employees

Tighter relationship
between employers and
employees

Flexibility

Stability
Let’s compare the social system of Japan to
that of U.S.
U.S.
Japan
Low
High
High
High
High
High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Civil liberties
Work hour
Short
Discrimination Low
Long
High
Basic living cost
Social condition
Unemployment
Crime rate
Illiteracy rate
Poverty level
Newly industrialized countries:
The Rise of South Korea
In the 1960s, government initiated a program of export-led
economic growth
 Government-business ties

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Economic transformation
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Chaebol (large industrial conglomerates)
inexpensive consumer goods  heavy industrial products 
high-tech equipment
Economic development has been achieved at the expense
of political and social development

Pressure for democratization in the late 1980s
Newly industrialized countries:
Taiwan and Hong Kong

Taiwan
Taiwanese government guided the economic development of the
country
 Organized around small to mid-size family firms
 High-tech business; Close overseas economic connections


Hong Kong
One of the most laissez-faire economic systems in the world
(little government control)
 One of the world’s most important trading ports
 Business services, banking, and telecommunication; Close
overseas economic connections

Chinese development

Under the communist rule, the economy was nearly
stagnant

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Capitalist openings in the late 1970s


“Great Leap Forward”, “Cultural Revolution”
Gradual economic reform while political system remain the same
Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
Attract foreign investment with minimal state interference
 Mostly located in the coastal region
 Brought huge success shown in economic growth since 1990s


Joined WTO in 2001
Economic and social differentiation in China
The benefits of economic growth have not been evenly
distributed throughout the country
 Booming coastal region
 Impoverished Interior China
 In
general, high social indicator despite the poverty
in China and North Korea
China’s population quandary
 “One-child”
policy in the 1980s
 Has reduced its growth rate
 TFR
1.8, RNI 0.9
 But
generated social tensions and human-rights
abuses
 Growing
gender imbalance through abortion and
female infanticide
Child-care facilities in China
 High female labor
force participation in
China
Demographic change in China
High fertility
In-migration
The position of women in East Asia
 Women
have historically had a relatively low
position in East Asia
 Foot
binding in the premodern China
 Advanced
career opportunities remain limited for
women
 Drop
in marriage rate in Japanese women