Transcript Kingdom Protista - Cardinal Newman

Kingdom
Protista
General Characteristics
• Eukaryotic
• Unicellular (to colonial)
• Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
• Appeared about 1.5 BYA
Classified into 3 groups
1. Animal-like… heterotrophs capable of
locomotion
2. Plant-like… photosynthetic autotrophs
3. Fungus-like… decomposers that
reproduce by spores
Some protists may exhibit more than one
characteristic, such as...
….it is possible to be both animal-like and
plant-like.
Animal-like Protists
classified by
method of movement
1. The Pseudopods
The Amoeba uses pseudopodia for locomotion.
these “extensions” are pseudopods
Amoeba surround and engulf their food…
the process is called phagocytosis.
An Amoeba eating a Paramecium.
2. Ciliates
• all use cilia for movement
• have many specialized structures, including
mouths, anal pores, contractile vacuoles,
and two nuclei (a large macronucleus and
small micronuclei)
• Ex. – Paramecium and Stentor
3D micrograph of a Paramecium
(note the hair-like cilia)
Mouth
A closer look at the Cilia….
its means of locomotion
The cilia magnified even more
3. The Flagellates
(use flagella for movement)
• have flagella
• some species of
zooflagellates have
mutualistic
relationships
• ex.- Trichonympha
digests cellulose in
the guts of termites
Others are parasites, like
Trypanosoma, which causes
African Sleeping Sickness (coma).
Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma
Red Blood Cells
Trypanosoma
Tsetse Fly: carries
Trypanosoma to
humans; in other
words, it’s a Vector
White Blood Cell
Plant-like Protists
are classified by
COLOR
Phylum Chlorophyta
• have both chlorophyll a, so they are green
and photosynthetic
• have cellulose cell walls
• exhibit many types of organization
*Are thought to be the ancestors of modern
plants
Phylum Chlorophyta organization
1. Unicellular
2. Filamentous
3. Colonial
4. Bi-layer
Unicellular Green Algae
Chlamydomonas
Chlamydomonas
Filamentous Green Algae
Spirogyra
has spiral-shaped chloroplasts
Zygnema
2 Star-shaped chloroplasts per cells
Colonial Green Algae … Volvox
Mother colony with Daughter colonies
Mother Colony
Daughter Colony
a bi-layered Green Algae
Ulva (sea lettuce)
A sheet (single layer) of Ulva cells
Harvesting Ulva (sea-lettuce)
Phylum
Phaeophyta
•
•
•
•
brown algae
multicellular
flagellated sperm cells
Ex.: Fucus & Kelp
Phylum Pheaophyta:
Brown Algae… Laminaria.. Kelp ?
Air Bladders:
Used to take
blades to the
surface for PSN
Phylum Rhodophyta:
Red Algae
• are multicellular
• contain red
accessory
pigments called
phycobilins
• gametes do not
have flagella
Phylum Bacillariophyta:
Diatoms… have tests (shells) that contain
silica (SiO2), or glass
Diatom Strew
Diatoms - a SEM picture
Phylum Euglenophyta
• have one to three flagella at their leading
(apical) end
• have thin protein strips called pellicles
wrapped over their membranes
• have an eyespot that permits them to swim
toward light
• can become heterotrophic when there is no
light
Euglena
(arrow indicates anterior end)
Phylum Acrasiomycota:
Cellular Slime Molds
• have both fungus and protist characteristics
• spores germinate into amoebas that feed on
bacteria
• When food is depleted, cyclic AMP is released,
causing amoebas to aggregate into one unit
• the crowd of amoebas form a slug that migrates
• cells from the slug form a stalk with a capsule,
which makes spores
• spores are released, and the cycle repeats
Acrasiomycota Life Cycle
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/algal__fungal_protist_notes_b1.htm