Transcript PowerPoint 프레젠테이션

South Asia
South Asia by majority religion
Pakistan
Nepal
Bhutan
Bangladesh
India
Hindu
Islam
Buddhism
Sri Lanka
Maldives
Introduction

Geopolitical tension  religious division

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Hindu (India)  Muslim (Pakistan)
Demographic concerns  high natural growth
High population density
 Limited resource bases
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Less connected to the global economy
Slow economic growth
 Inward orientation
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Environmental Geography
Diverse Landscapes, from Tropical Islands to Mountain Rim
The Four Subregions of South Asia
Mountains of the North
Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Lowlands
Peninsular India
The Southern Islands
Mountains of the North
Mt. Everest
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Includes the world’s highest mountain
Produced by the collision between tectonic plates
 seismically active
Indus-Ganges-Brahmaputra Lowlands
Brahmaputra R.
Indus R.
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
Ganges R.
Created by three major river systems
Population core areas
Peninsular India
Deccan
Plateau
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Continuous Western Ghats  narrow western coastal plains
Discontinuous Eastern Ghats  broad eastern coastal plains
 high population densities
The Southern Islands
Sri Lanka:
Maldives:
Flat and low coral atolls
Mountains in the southern interior
ringed by extensive coastal plains
Monsoon rain – June in Mumbai

During the summer monsoon,
Mumbai receives more than 70 inches
of rain in just three months
South Asia’s Climates
 Most
of South Asia has three distinct seasons
– Oct.: warm and rainy season
 Nov. – Feb: cool and dry season
 Match – May: hot period
 June
 What
is the major factor of this distinct season?
Monsoon
(Distinct seasonal change of wind direction)
Monsoons in South Asia
Summer  wet
Winter  dry
Southwest monsoon
Northeast monsoon
Orographic rainfall  wet
Rain-shadow effect  dry
10 inches
• Orographic rainfall results from the uplifting and
cooling of moist monsoon winds over high mountains
• Rainfall varies greatly from place to place
Ganges Delta  rice; Punjab  wheat
451 inches
Flooding in Bangladesh
Natural condition
Ganges Delta •High precipitation
•Low-lying land
•Cyclone
Man-made condition
•High population
density
•Deforestation in the
river headwater
Population and Settlement
The Demographic Dilemma

Soon will become the world’s most populous region
 High natural growth
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Fertility patterns vary by countries  family planning
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India, Bangladesh vs. Pakistan
One of the least urbanized regions in the world
Population distribution
 Fertile soils
 Dependable water supplies
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Pull factor: rural-to-urban migration
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Mumbai, Delhi, Calcutta
Push factor: refugees
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Afghanistan, Kashmir, Burma, Sri Lanka
Crop zones in South Asia
Punjab
Rice  wet, fertile
Wheat  semiarid, fertile
Millet, Sorghum  less fertile
Cattle in India
 India
has the world’s largest cattle population
 They don’t produce meat due to Hinduism
 Rather, produce milk as major sources of protein
 Also used for plowing and pulling carts
Major cities in South Asia
Islamabad
Lahore
Delhi
Karachi
Dhaka
Calcutta
Mumbai
Major cities in South Asia

India
Mumbai: financial center and media capital of India
 Delhi: political capital (former Muslim capital, colonial capital)
 Calcutta: trading center, declined after partition (1947)
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Pakistan
Karachi: commercial core
 Islamabad: forward capital – religious, and geopolitical
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Bangladesh
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Dhaka: global center for clothing, and shoe manufacturing
Overurbanization in South Asia
Mumbai hutments
Cultural Coherence and Diversity
A Common Heritage Rent by Religious Rivalries
 Long
united by Hinduism
 Caste
 Arrival
System
of Islam
 Religious
 British
 Use
rivalries between Hindu and Muslim
imperialism
of English due to multilingualism
Historic overview of South Asia
3000 B.C. 2000 B.C.
800 B.C.
Indus Valley Invasion of Ganges Valley
Civilization Indo-Aryan Civilization
1000 1600 A.D.
Muslim rules
Hinduism
Caste System
Buddhism
Jainism
Sikhism
Islam
Religious diversity in South Asia
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Hinduism (1500 B.C.~)
Indus valley civilization + Indo-Aryan religion
 Persist to present day (eg. Caste System); main religion in India
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Buddhism, Jainism (500 B.C.~)
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Challenge to Hinduism orthodoxy
Islam (1000 A.D.~)
Muslim rule in the north or trade network in the south
 Active conversion from Hindus to Islam particularly in
northwest (Pakistan) and northeast (Bangladesh)
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Sikhism (1400 A.D. ~)
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Hinduism + Islam in Punjab(modern bnd b/w. India and Pakistan)
Geographies of Religion

Muslim rule
Sikhism
Hinduism
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India, S Nepal
Islam
Pakistan, Bangladesh,
Maldives
 15% of India
Northeast  Sikhism: Punjab
tribal area
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Jainism
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Goa
Sri Lanka, Bhutan, NE
Kashmir, N Nepal
 Jainism: Gujarat
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Trade networks of the Arabian Sea
Buddhism
Christian: Goa, NE India
Linguistic diversity in South Asia
 Indo-European
(north)
 Iranian
 Baluchi,
Pashtun  western Pakistan, Afghanistan
 Indo-Aryan
 Closely
associated with Indian states
 Bengali, Punjabi  Indian states with Bangladesh, eastern
Pakistan
 Singhalese, Divehi  Sri Lanka, Maldives
 Dravidian (south)
 Confined to southern India
Geographies of Language
Indo-European north
Dravidian south
Linguistic Dilemmas

So many different languages in one country
India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
 India has 15 official languages with no unified national language
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Role of media
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Hindi is spreading through popular media
Role of English
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Main integrating language of India
South Asian global diaspora
• British India: settlements in British colonies
• Contemporary India: migrated into U.S. and North America
Geopolitical Framework
A Deeply Divided Region
 British
rule (mid 18c ~ mid 20c)
 Independence and partition
 Separation
of Pakistan from India (1947)
 Separation of Bangladesh from East Pakistan (1971)
 Continuing
 Intensified
tension between Pakistan and India
by the nuclear capabilities of both
Mughal Empire (mid 16c ~ mid 19c)
Muslim
Portuguese
Hindu
Dutch
British Conquest (mid 18c ~ mid 20c)
During chaotic waning years of the Mughal Empire (18c),
the British East India Company began to monopolize trade
After Sepoy Rebellion (1856), South Asia was ruled
directly by the British government
Independence and Partition
• The British withdrew from South Asia in 1947
• The region was divided into two countries: a Hindumajority India and a Muslim-majority Pakistan (1947)
• Bangladesh was separated from East Pakistan (1971)
Conflicts in Kashmir
 Hostility between Pakistan and India
• Before the partition, this regions of predominantly
Muslim population was ruled by a Hindu maharaja
• Some Kashmirs wish to to join Pakistan while others
argue for an independent state
Separatism in Punjab region
 Hostility between the Sikh majority
and the Indian government
Sikh-majority
Punjab
Hindu-majority
Haryana
• Sikh leaders strived for autonomy
Sikh temple at Amritsar
Civil war in Sri Lanka
 Religious and linguistic differences
Hindu Tamils
: support political autonomy
Buddhist Singhalese
: favor unitary government
Global implication of the tension
between India and Pakistan
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During Cold War
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Pakistan – U.S.  India –? Soviet Union
After 1991
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Pakistan – China  India
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China’s animosity toward India
Pakistan – Taliban Afghanistan
After 9/11
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Pakistan – U.S.  Taliban Afghanistan
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But anti-Americanism in Pakistan needs to be addressed
Economic and Social Development
Burdened by Poverty
South Asian Poverty
 Disparity
between social classes
 World-class
scientific and technological
accomplishments
 Largest undernourished and malnourished people
 Developmental
contradictions in economic history
 Land
of great riches until the early modern period
 Exploitation by external forces
 Central Asian,
the British
The poorest world region along with Sub-Saharan Africa
 Pessimism: undercut by large and growing population
 Optimism: globally interconnected IT industry
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The Himalayan countries
 Disadvantaged
by their rugged terrain and remote
locations
 Bhutan
 Isolationist
policy
 Nepal
 Closely
integrated with the Indian economy
 Relies heavily on international tourism
Bangladesh

Bad news
Burdened by massive population, environmental degradation,
and colonial legacy
 Devastating effect of partition (1947)
 Increasingly uncompetitive Jute market
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Good news
Competitive in textile manufacture  low wage rate
 Falling birthrate  economic growth begins to catch up with its
population growth
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Pakistan
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Current potential
Productive agricultural sector (eg. Punjab)
 Large textile industry  huge cotton crop
 Export of surgical implements  legacy of sword-making center
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Future potential
Burdened by high level of defense spending
 Powerful landlord class with no benefit for economy
 Failure to develop IT industry (cf. India)
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Sri Lanka and the Maldives
 Sri
Lanka
 Specialization
in textiles and tea
 Perennial civil war overshadows potentials such as
strategic location, and high levels of education
 Maldives
 Revenues
from fishing and international tourism
Economic division in India
Lesser developed areas
Green
Revolution
Centers of economic growth Subsistence
economy
Social
conservatism
Merchants
Remittance
India’s economic
pacesetter
High-tech sector
Political
corruption
Socialist
economic
policy
Major industrial areas
Economic policy after independence
 Mixed
socialist-capitalist system by the 1980s
 Economic
nationalism
 Self-sufficiency policy
 Liberalization
 Privatization
of economy since the early 1990s
of state-owned industries
 Deregulation
 Internationalization
Global linkages
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High levels of social welfare in the south
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Sri Lanka, Maldives, southwestern India
Low levels of social welfare in the north
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Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, northern India
The status of women
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Women has a very low social position in both the Hindu
and Muslim traditions
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Women in the Hindu tradition
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Excluded from inheriting land, early marriage, dowry, not
allowed to remarry
Women has a high social position in southern India and
Sri Lanka
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Inheritance through the female line in Kerala