Introduction to Industrial Hygiene
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Transcript Introduction to Industrial Hygiene
Introduction
to
INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE
OTI 501
Trainer Course in Occupational Safety and Health
Hazards for General Industry
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Industrial Hygiene
“that science or art devoted to the
anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and
control of those environmental factors or
stresses, arising in or from the workplace,
that may cause sickness, impaired health
and well-being, or significant discomfort
and inefficiency among workers”
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History
Circa 400 BC
– lead toxicity in mining (Hippocrates)
500 years later
– Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar
– zinc and sulfur hazards
– protective mask
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History
2nd Century AD
– Galen
• copper miners exposure to acid mists
1473
– Ulrich Ellenbog
• publication n occupational illness in gold miners
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History
1556
– Agricola, German scholar
• diseases of coal miners
• preventive measures
• publication - De Re Metallica
1700’s
– Bernardino Ramazzini
• father of industrial hygiene
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OSH Act of 1970
The purpose of the OSH Act is to
“assure so far as possible every working,
man and woman in the nation safe and
healthful working conditions and to
preserve our human resources.”
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Environmental
Factors or Stresses
Chemical hazards
– gases, vapors, dusts, fumes, mists, and smoke
Physical hazards
– non-ionizing and ionizing radiation, noise,
vibration, extreme temperatures and pressures
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Environmental
Factors or Stresses
Ergonomic hazards
– workstation design, repetitive motion, improper
lifting/reaching, poor visual conditions
Biological hazards
– insects, mold, yeast, fungi, bacteria, and viruses
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Routes of Entry
Inhalation
– airborne contaminants
Absorption
– penetration through the skin
Ingestion
– eating
– drinking
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OSHA Hierarchy of Control
Engineering controls
Work practice controls
Administrative controls
Personal protective equipment (PPE)
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Types of Exposure
Acute
– Short term period between exposure and onset
of symptoms
Chronic
– Long time period between exposure to an agent
and the onset of symptoms
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Types of Air Contaminants
Particulates
– dusts, fumes, mists, and fibers
– non respirable particles
• > 10 m in diameter
– respirable particles
• < 10 m in diameter
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Types of Air Contaminants
Fumes
– volatilized solids condenses in cool air
• < 1.0 m in diameter
– hot vapor + air (reaction with) = oxide
Mists
– suspended solid droplets
– generated by a condensation of liquids from a
vapors to a liquid state
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Types of Air Contaminants
Fibers
– solid, slender, elongated structures
– length several times the diameter
Gases
– formless fluids that expand to occupy a space
• arc-welding, internal combustion engine exhaust air
Vapors
– liquid changed to vapor
• organic solvents
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Units of Concentration
ppm
– parts per million
mg/m3
– milligrams per cubic meter
mppcf
– millions or a particle per cubic foot
f/cc
– fibers per cubic centimeter
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Exposure Limits
Air Contaminants
OSHA
– Occupational Safety and Health Administration
NIOSH
– National Institute of Occupational Safety and
Health
ACGIH
– American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienists
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Exposure Limits
Air Contaminants
OSHA
– PEL
• permissible exposure limit
NIOSH
– REL
• recommended exposure level
ACGIH
– TLV
• threshold limit value
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Exposure Limits
Air Contaminants
OSHA
– PEL, STEL, Ceiling
NIOSH
– TWA, STEL, Ceiling
ACGIH
– TWA, STEL, Ceiling
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Exposure Limits
Air Contaminants
TWA
– takes into account variable exposure through a full
shift, 8 hour work day
STEL
– limit of exposure during a short period, 15 minutes
CEILING
– absolute maximum level of exposure not to be
exceeded
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Exposure Limits
Air Contaminants
Legally enforceable
– OSHA PEL
– OSHA AL (action level)
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Air Contaminants
29 CFR 1910.1000
– Table Z-1
• Substances with Limits Preceded by “C” - Ceiling
Values
– Table Z-2
• employee’s exposure to Table Z-1 contaminants
shall not exceed exposure limits listed in Z-2 (TWA
and ceiling concentrations)
– Table Z-3
• Mineral Dusts
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Hearing Conservation
2.9 million workers experience 8-hours
noise exposures > 90 bBA
29 CFR 1910.95
– PEL
• 90 dBA
• 8 hours
• engineering and administrative controls
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Hearing Conservation Program
Mandatory
– at an 8-hour TWA > 85 dBA
Exposure monitoring
Audiometric testing
Hearing protection
Employee training
Recordkeeping
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Hearing Conservation Program
An effective program depends upon
– employers
– supervisors
– employees
– others
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Bloodborne Pathogens
Bloodborne pathogens include
– Hepatitis B
– HIV
– Others
29 CFR 1910.1030
– describes actions employers must take to
reduce risk of exposure in the workplace
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Bloodborne Pathogens
29 CFR 1910.1030
– Scope and application
• all employees with occupational exposure to blood
and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM)
– Exposure control plan (ECP)
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Bloodborne Pathogens
29 CFR 1910.1030 - ECP
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
engineering and work practice controls
personal protective equipment
training
medical surveillance
Hepatitis B vaccinations
signs and labels
other provisions
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Industrial Hygiene
ANTICIPATION
RECOGNITION
EVALUTION
CONTROL
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