Transcript No Slide Title

Automated Demand Response Strategies
and Commissioning Commercial Building Controls
Mary Ann Piette
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
[email protected]
drrc.lbl.gov
California Commissioning Collaborative
July 10, 2006
Sponsored by U.S. DOE,
California Energy Commission (Demand Response Research Center),
San Diego Gas and Electric Company,
and Pacific Gas and Electric Company
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Presentation Objectives
•
•
•
•
•
Introduction to Demand Response
Building Design and Operations Framework
Building Commissioning and DR
Encourage Discussion linking DR and Cx
Collaboration Opportunities with the CCC
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Objectives and Background
• Objectives
• Develop DR communications infrastructure, demand
response control strategies, and assessment of field tests.
• Evaluate role of commissioning in execution of strategies
• Improve understanding linking demand response and
energy efficiency
• Definition of Demand Response
• Short-term modifications in customer electric use in
response to dynamic price or reliability information.
• Relevance
• Electric systems more vulnerable to outages with age,
load factors decreasing, T&D and new capacity
investments reduced, real time pricing promoted.
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Building Design and Operations Framework
Efficiency and
Conservation
(Daily)
Peak Load
Management
(Daily)
Demand
Response
(Dynamic
Event Driven)
Motivation
- Environmental
Protection
- Utility Bill Savings
- TOU Savings
- Peak Demand
Charge savings
- Grid Protection
- Economic
- Reliability
- Emergency
- Grid Protection
Design
- Efficient Shell,
Equipment &
Systems
Low Power Design
Operations
- Integrated System
Operations
Demand Limiting and
Shifting
Demand Limiting,
Shifting, or
Shedding
Initiation
Local
Local
Remote
Dynamic
Control
Capability*
*Prefer closed loop strategies, granular control
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Results on Automated-DR
7000
6000
4000
3000
2000
1000
Albertsons
60%
B of A (B)
Roche
USCB
Total Savings
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
9:00
OFB
10:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0
0:00
Baseline
50%
Site Average
40%
30%
20%
Total Average
10.3%
10%
450GG
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OSIsoft
CISCO
NARA
B of A
300CMall
Oracle
Albertsons
Chabot
IKEA
Cal EPA
Target
Gilead 357
USPS
Roche
Gilead 342
2530 Arnold
ACWD
50 Douglas
OFB
UCSB
0%
Echelon
Demand [kW]
5000
Average Demand Saving WBP%
• Established capabilities of
current controls and
communications with EMCS
and XML
• Demonstrated initial design of
signaling infrastructure and
system capability
• Demonstrated large sheds can
take place without complaints
• Demonstrated range of
strategies to produce sheds
and capabilities needed
• Average reduction 10% among
22 buildings, up to 50%
Aggregated Demand Saving, Sept 8th
Automating Demand Response
1.
2.
3.
4.
PG&E defines price schedule
Price published on LBNL XML
(eXtensible Markup Language)
server
Clients request price from server
every minute & send shed
commands
EMCS carries out shed
automatically
Price Server
Polling Client &
IP-Relay Software
2
3
Akuacom &
Infotility
Infotility
1
Internet
& private WANs
LBNL
Price Scheduler
IPRelay
Gateway
Polling
Client
Internet and
Private WANs
3
EMCS
Protocol
C
EMCS Protocol
4
C
C
4
C
C
Electric Loads
= Price Client
= Pilot site
= Price Server
= Development Site
C
C
Electric Loads
Test
Sites
C = EMCS Controllers
2003 test was Gateway only
2004 was Gateway or Relay
2005 both
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Critical Peak Pricing
(PG&E Example)
0.70
High Price
On-Peak x 5
0.50
0.40
0.30
Part-Peak x 3
Modera te
Price
0.20
0.10
0.00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
Electricity Price [$/kWh]
0.60
Off-Peak
Normal TOU
Part-Peak
On-Peak
Non-CPP Day
Pa rt-Pe ak
CPP Day
Off-
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Global Temperature Adjustment
• Demonstrated large sheds in existing DDC EMCS
with minimal to no occupant issues
• Comply with comfort standards
• Oakland Federal Building, Sept. 8 2004
Actual
Baseline
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
0.0
19:00
0
18:00
0.5
17:00
500
16:00
1.0
15:00
1000
14:00
1.5
13:00
1500
12:00
2.0
11:00
2000
9:00
2.5
10:00
2500
8:00
3.0
7:00
3000
6:00
3.5
5:00
3500
4:00
4.0
3:00
4000
2:00
4.5
1:00
Time Period
2 ºF -15 min.
3 ºF - 30 min.
4 ºF - 1 hr
5 ºF - 2 hr
6 ºF - 4 hr
Whole Building Power [kW]
ASHRAE
55-2004
4500
Power Intensity [W/ft2]
Average of ~800 kW, 0.8 W/ft2 > 20% shed for 3 hrs. with
Oaklnad
Fed: Whole Building Power, Sept 8th
two-step set point increase 72GSA
F to
78 F
0:00
•
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Actual
LBNL Baseline
CPP Baseline
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
0
9
23:00
22:00
Actual
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
23:00
22:00
21:00
20:00
19:00
18:00
17:00
16:00
15:00
14:00
13:00
12:00
11:00
10:00
9:00
8:00
7:00
6:00
5:00
4:00
3:00
2:00
1:00
0:00
Whole Bulding Power [kW]
• Alameda Count
Whole Bulding Power [kW]
Sample Automated CPP Response
IKEA: Oct-13
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
500
2530 Baseline
Arnold: Sep-22CPP Baseline
LBNL
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
Strategies at 32 DR Sites
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
●
X
X
X
X
●
X
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X
X
X
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●
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
●
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X
X
X
X
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Rock crashers off
X
X
X
●
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Transfer pump off
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Fountain pump off
X
X
X
X
Anti-sweat heater shed
Elevator cycling
Office area light dim
Common area light dim
X
Slow recovery
X
Extended shed period
X
Pre-cooling
X
Boiler lockout
X
X
X
Chiller demand limit
Electric humidifier off
X
X
X
Fan quantity reduction
Duct static pres. reset
Fan VFD limit
SAT reset
Fan-coil unit off
X
X
CHW current limit
Office
Office
Supermarket
Office
Museum
Office
Office
Office/Data
Office
Office
Office
Office
Archives
Office
Office/Lab
Office/Lab
Office/Lab
Retail
High School
Retail
Industry
Industry
Office/Data
Office
Office
Office
Office
Office/Cafeteria
Office
Retail
Library
Postal
NY
Light, Misc.
CHW temp. reset
300 CapMall
ACWD
Albertsons
B of A
Chabot Museum
Cal EPA
CETC
Cisco
2530 Arnold
50 Douglas
Echelon
GSA 450 GG
GSA NARA
GSA Oakland
Gilead 300
Gilead 342
Gilead 357
Home Depot
Irvington
IKEA
Kadent
Lafarge
LBNL OSF
Monterey
NY Times
Oracle
OSIsoft
Roche
Rockefeller Center
Target
UCSB Library
USPS
CA- CA- CA2003 2004 2005
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HVAC
Global temp. adjustment
Participation
X
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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DR Control Strategy Categorization
• Developed DR Control
Categorization Framework
• Evaluated 32 Sites
• Most successful strategy • Direct digital control global
temperature adjustment
• In process for Title 24 2008
• Closed loop
• Lighting Strategies - Zone
Switching, Fixture Switching,
Lamp Switching, Stepped
Dimming, Continuous Dimming
• Need to link to RetroCommissioning
Desire to try
DR
Y
Y
N
DDC zone
control?
Global temp.
Adjustment
capability?
N
Y Air distribution N
System DDC?
Y Can program
GTA?
Global temp.
adjustment
Zone
control
Air
distribution
Central
plant
Recovery
N
Air
distribution
control
Y
Central plant
DDC?
Central plant
control
N
Do not try DR
at this time
Global Temperature Adjustment
Thermal Mass Storage
Reheat Loackout
Duct Static Pressure Reset
Fan VFD Limit
Supply Air Temp Reset
Fan Quantity Reduction
Cooling Valve Limit
Chilled Water Temp Reset
Chiller Demand Limit
Chiller Quantity Reduction
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Slow Recovery Strategies
Links to Commissioning
• Common question : If I can use a
strategy for demand response, why not use it
all the time?
• Answer: Maybe you can!
• Cx findings from Auto-DR buildings
•
•
•
•
Air balancing
Duct static pressure reset
Zone temp reset
Night time fans left on
Continuum from energy efficiency, load management
and demand response
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Advanced Control Strategies:
Shifting Demand with Pre-Cooling
Chabot Space and Science Museum
Single duct VAV/CAV systems
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Chabot Museum Demand Shift
Chabot: Whole Building Power, Sept 29
400
350
W
hol 300
e
Bui 250
ldi
ng 200
Po
we
r 150
[k
W] 100
75 kW shed
50
0
0:0 1:0 2:0 3:0 4:0 5:0 6:0 7:0 8:0 9:0 10: 11: 12: 13: 14: 15: 16: 17: 18: 19: 20: 21: 22: 23:
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Actual
Baseline
• Pre-cooled at 68 oF from midnight to 5am,
• 70 oF from 5 am to 12 pm.
• After 2 pm, temperature was gradually raised to 76 oF
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Dynamic Zone Temperature Strategies
(Chabot)
current
prclg + agg linear set up
No prclg + linear set up
unoccupied hours
prclg+linear set up
ext prclg + exp set up
occupied hours
unoccupied
Temp (oF)
80
floating
78
76
74
72
floating
70
68
66
floating
floating
zonal reset
floating
precooling
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
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New York Times Building
• Technology designed for efficiency
simulated to develop DR strategies
• Efficient features: Integrated movable, shading &
dimming, Under floor air systems
• Commissioning in mockup
• Demand Response Strategies
• Dimming lights beyond daylighting, reset zone
temperatures (gradient), reduce perimeter fan
speed, raise supply air temperature
Predicted Annual Savings from 400 kW Shed
Program
Independent Capacity Program
Emergency DR Program
Distribution Load Relief Program
Predicted Annual
Savings*
$17,632.00
$1,440.00
$1,600.00
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Future Control Systems: DR Modes in
Control Architecture
• Orchestrate modes using schedules, signals,
optimization algorithms:
•
•
•
•
•
Occupied/Unoccupied
Maintenance/Cleaning
Warm up/Cool down
Night purge/Precooling
Low power DR mode
• Intelligence needed for decision making
KWH
• Customized, simple and transparent interface
• Financial feedback systems need to present
operational value
• Similar capability for DOE’s Zero Energy
Buildings
• Embed DR Communications from EIS to EMCS
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Collaborating with the CCC
• Identify sites for PG&E Automated CPP
Project
• Pursue commissioned sites
• Pursue sites interested in Retro-Cx
• Provide review on DR Strategies Guide
• Incorporate Manual or Automated DR in Cx
programs
• Define DR modes and Cx modes in new
construction
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Summary
• DR capabilities improve with advanced controls that simultaneously
support efficiency and require good commissioning
• Field tests show DR potential 5-10% in most buildings with EMCS,
yet limited knowledge of DR strategies: automation appears feasible
with many existing systems.
• Need for Commissioning
• Need DR control strategy commissioning tests
• Need combined Retro-Commissioning DR Strategy Procedures
• DR is not driver, high performing buildings are:
• Low energy costs, well-commissioned, low maintenance costs
• Key is advanced controls, feedback systems, integrated performance
More information: drrc.lbl.gov
[email protected]
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