Transcript Science and Technology Indicators of Sri Lanka

Science and Technology
Indicators of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Dr. P.R.M.P. Dilrukshi
Science and Technology Policy Research Division
National Science Foundation
Sri Lanka
www.nsf.ac.lk
[email protected]
Presentation Layout
1. Country Profile
2. History of R&D data collection in Sri Lanka
3. Present status of collecting R&D statistics
4. Summary of R&D indicators of Sri Lanka
5. Usage of S&T indicators in the country
6. Problems faced by Survey team during the
R&D survey
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Country Profile
 Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, known as Ceylon before
1972, is an island in South Asia, located about 31 kilometers (19.3 mile)
off the southern coast of India.
 Total land area is 65,610 square km
 Mid year population in 2008 is 20.2 million
 Female: Male ratio (2002) 52:48
 Density of population, person per sq. km. 322
 Average Literacy rate 91. 3% (male: 92.8, Female 77.9)
 Infant mortality rate (per 1000 live births) 11
 Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births) 58
 Expectation of life at birth, 71.9 years
 Human Development Index (2007) : 102 (Rank among 182 countries)
 Prosperity Index (2007): 0.759
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
History of R&D data collection
in Sri Lanka
• The mandate to collect S&T statistics was provided to the
National Science Council (NSC) of Sri Lanka the
predecessor of National Science Foundation in 1967.
• The earliest study on S&T indicators was carried out in
1970 to assess the scientific resources in Sri Lanka in term
of public expenditure on Research and Development by the
Ceylon Institute for scientific & industrial Research (CISIR)
predecessor of Industrial Technology Institute (ITI)
• A subsequent survey was conducted to measure the
Scientific and technical manpower in the country in 1972
by the Ceylon Association for the Advancement of Science
presently known as the Sri Lanka Association for the
Advancement of Science (SLAAS).
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 , Sri
Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
History of R&D data collection
in Sri Lanka contd.
• The first systematically designed survey on
scientific and technical manpower potential in the
country was carried out in 1974 by the National
Science Council (NSC) following the guidelines
prepared by the UNESO.
• In 1977 National Science Council (NSC) carried
out it’s 2nd major survey which included an
assessment of funding for basic and applied
research in the country for 10 year period from
1956 to 1965 and technical manpower during
1977.
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
History of R&D data collection
in Sri Lanka
• The 3rd study of the series was carried out
in 1984 by the Natural Resource Energy
Authority (NARESA) which was the
successor of NSC and predecessor of
National Science Foundation (NSF).
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
History of R&D data collection
in Sri Lanka
contd.
• The 4th comprehensive survey carried out by
NARESA in 1996
covering higher education,
government, industrial and private non profit
sectors. This is the first comprehensive survey of
R&D in the country and done according to the
standard specified by OECD Frascati Manual.
• The 5th Survey was carried out in year 2000 by the
NSF the successor to NSC and NARESA. The survey
only covered the higher education sector and S&T
public sector following the UNESCO guidelines and
OECD Frascati Manual.
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 , Sri
Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Present status of collecting
R&D statistics in Sri Lanka
• After establishment of Science and Technology
Policy Research Division at the NSF the regular
R&D survey commenced in 2006 covering all
Science and Technology sectors.
• The R&D survey conducted biannually.
• Accordingly three surveys completed in 2006,
2008 and 2010 to measure the status of R&D in
the country pertaining to 2004, 2006 and 2008
respectively.
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Present status of collecting R&D
statistics in Sri Lanka Contd.
• Preliminary preparation are being made
to carry out survey for 2010 and survey
planned to commenced on April 2011
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
National Research Experiment and
Development Survey
Sri Lanka (R&D Survey)
• Conduct Every two Years
• Data collection done according to the fiscal
year (survey start on 31st March of the
survey year)
• Follow OECD (Frascati and Canbara
Manuals) and UNESCO definitions and
standard
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 , Sri
Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Scope of the Survey
 All higher education Sector Institution
 All R&D Institutions
 All government and private sector Institutions
work in the areas in Science and Technology
 All S&T service sector organizations including
Ministries, Department, Statutory Boards etc.
 Business enterprise sector (Select representing
sample only)
 Non Profit Private sector organizations and
Non Government organizations
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 , Sri
Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Survey Methodology
5 types of questionnaires use to collect data as
follows:
1. Higher Education
2. R&D Institute/Units/Individual doing R&D
3. S&T service sector
4. Business sector enterprises
5. Non Profit Local/Foreign Organizations
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 , Sri
Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Data collection Methodology
Higher Education Sector:
• MOU has been singed with University Grant
Commission (UGC) to collect data pertaining to the
government university system in 2006
• UGC is provided with questionnaires and relevant
definitions and guidelines for the data collection.
• The survey frame include all Faculties, Department ,
Institutions, units comes under the S&T sector
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 , Sri
Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Data Collection Methodology Contd.
• Private sector Higher Education Institutes, all R&D Institutes, S&T service
sector institutes and other government institutions involve in S&T
activities are collected by NSF/STPRD staff by visiting the institutions and
following
a. Direct interview method
b. Training appointed person from the particular institution and
collecting information through that contact person (An honorarium
payment is made to this contact person)
c. Directly employing questionnaire mailing method and giving
guidelines for data collection through e-mail/over the phone
• Non profit sector data collection: is done by the staff of the STPRD/NSF
though direct interview method and questionnaire mailing method.
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 , Sri
Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Data collection Methodology
Contd.
Business Enterprise sector data collection:
 Outsource data collection to the Department of Census and
Statistics Sri Lanka.
 Data collection done through direct interview method by
enumerators trained by the NSF Staff.
 Survey frame selected proportionately representing all
Industrial categories.
 Only 250 industries selected to conduct the survey.
 Data collection completed within two months period.
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 , Sri
Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Collecting Data of S&T Human
Resources
Data collection done through two
questionnaires
1. Human resources involve in R&D (Researchers,
Technicians /equivalent staff and Supporting staff)
2. Human resources involve in S&T related activities
(S&T Scientists, Technicians and Supporting staff
directly involve in S&T service activities )
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 , Sri
Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Calculatting R&D Personnel (FTE)
• Method employed: Number of days spend on
R&D work per week by person is asked in the
questionnaire. If a person do work related to
R&D more than 4 hours per day it taken as one
day. If it is less than 4 hours that taken as ½ a
day. Accordingly, the time spend on R&D per
week is calculated and from that percentage of
time per month on R&D work is calculated. This
extrapolated for a different institutions and
average number of person in each category
working fulltime calculated accordingly.
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 , Sri
Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Status of Sri Lankan S&T
Science and Technology Policy Research Division
Indicators Developed
Measure S&T statistics in two terms
1. Input indicators in term of investment,
expenditure and human resources in S&T.
2. Output indicators in term of publications,
patent and innovation
Science and Technology Policy Research Division
Indicators of R&D Expenditure
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Gross Expenditure on R&D
(GERD) in Sri Lanka 1966-2008
Year
GDP Per
(Current
price)
Rs. million
GERD
Rs.
Million
(US$)
GERD as
Total
percentag Population
e of GDP million
GERD Per
million
population
Rs. million
1966
7,529
20 (4.2)
0.30
11.5
1.7
1975
11,100
45(6.4)
0.40
13.5
3.3
1984
142,700
257.0 (9.7)
0.18
15.6
16.5
1993
499,800
649.0(13.1)
0.13*
17.6
36.8
1996
769,900
1,410.0 (23)
0.18
18.3
77.0
2000
1,258,000
1,810.0 (22.9)
0.14*
18.4
98.4
2004
1,800,750
3,807.5 (40.9)
0.21
19.4
196.2
2006
2,939,000 5,119.19 (47.9)
0.17
19.8
258.5
2008
4,410,682 5,047.73 (46.1)
0.11
20.2
249.9
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Gross Expenditure on R&D
6000
0.45
0.4
0.4
0.35
4000
0.3
0.3
0.25
3000
0.21
0.18
2000
0.18
0.2
0.17
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.11 0.1
GERD as Percentage of GDP
Expenditure (Rs. Million)
5000
GERD
GERD%
1000
0.05
0
0
1966
1975
1984
1993
1996
2000
2004
2006
2008
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
National expenditure on R&D
by source of funding
Source of funding
Recurrent
Capital
Total
Government
3,078.79
545.62
3,624.41
(61.0%)
(10,82)
(71.8%)
814.54
189.47
1,004.01
(16.1%)
(3.8%)
(19.9%)
171.91
43.61
215.58
(3.4%)
(0.9%)
(4.3%)
159.27
44.46
203.73
(3.2%)
(0.9%)
(4.0%)
4,224.57
823.16
5,047.73
Private
Foreign
Other
Total
Source: R&D Survey 2008
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
National Expenditure on R&D
1996-2008
Source: R&D Survey 2008
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Percentage of Expenditure
National Expenditure on R&D
by sector 2004-2008
Year
Source: R&D Survey 2008
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
National expenditure on R&D (GERD)
by nature of research activities
2004-2008
Source: R&D Survey 2008
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
GERD by Discipline
Source: R&D Survey 2008
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
S&T Human Resources
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Science and Technology Personnel
(STP)2004-2006
STP
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
Higher Education
2004 2006 2008
State
Private
Total
STP Include all Scientists a Technologists, Technicians, Supporting Staff
involve in S&T research, Service and Management activities
Source: R&D Survey 2008
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
2006
2008
Number of R&D Scientists and
Technicians (Head counts) by Sector
2006-2008
Technicians
Scientists
Technicians
Scientists
0%
20%
Higher Education
40%
State
60%
80%
100%
Private and NGO
Source: R&D Survey 2008
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Distribution of R&D scientists
(FTE) by Sector 2004-2008
Scientists (FTE)%
1,600
1,200
800
400
0
2004
Higher Education
2006
State
2008
Private&NGO
Source: R&D Survey 2008
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Performance Indicators for
Science and Technology
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Number of patents registered in
Sri Lanka 1997-2008
Year
Resident
Non resident
Total
1997
65
96
161
1998
44
97
141
1999
78
101
179
2000
59
69
128
2001
71
104
175
2002
62
56
118
2003
59
53
112
2004
99
91
190
2005
103
85
188
2006
68
69
137
2008
89
70
159
Source: R&D Survey 2008
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Publications trends in the SCI journals
by Sri Lankan Scientists in 2004-2008
303
2008
269
2007
Year
233
2006
239
2005
231
2004
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Number of publications in SCI
No. with foreign co-authorers
Total
Source: R&D Survey 2008
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Use of S&T Indicators in
Sri Lanka
S&T Indicators use by:
• National Science Foundation for selecting priority
areas for funding R&D, human resource development,
facilitating Industry Institute partnership (IIP) and
technology transfer activities etc.
• S&T Policy Planning activities and formulating
S&T strategic plan by the Ministry of Research and
Technology.
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Use of S&T Indicators in
Sri Lanka
• Use by Ministry of Finance & Planning for
devoting funds for S&T activities and
human resource development.
• Use by higher education sector for human
resource training.
• Use for academic purposes.
• STPRD/NSF submit data to UIS since 2004.
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Problems associated with
collecting information for R&D
Survey
• Lack of awareness of people on the
importance of having S&T statistics and lack of
inadequate knowledge to use it for planning
purposes etc.
• Reluctance of the people to give information
specially concerning budgetary information.
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Problems associated with collecting
information for R&D Survey
• Difficulty in demarcating boundaries
between
R&D,
Innovation
and
manufacturing in the industrial sector.
• Difficulty in categorizing industries into the
disciplines use in higher education, S&T
Service and R&D sectors (e.g. natural science,
Engineering Technology etc.).
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
Acknowledgments
UNESCO Institute of Statistics
UNESCO Kathmandu
Ministry of Science and Technology, Nepal
Director and Management Board of the National Science
Foundation
• Head/ Science and Technology Policy Research Division
•
•
•
•
Science and Technology Policy Research Division, National Science Foundation, Colombo 7 ,
Sri Lanka. www.nsf.ac.lk
• THANK YOU !