Transcript Document

Role of nuclear power in India’s
power-mix
Anil Kakodkar
Department of Atomic Energy
Scenarios for Total Installed Power Capacity
in India
(DAE-2004 and Planning Commission-2006 studies)
1600
1400
1200
GWe
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Year
DAE
PC_GDP-Growth 8%
PC_GDP-Growth 9%
2060
Nuclear Base & Pessimistic Scenarios Installed Capacity
300.00
250.00
Additional Import of 6
GWe
200.00
No Additional Import
beyond Kudankulam
GWe
NPCIL 40
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
Three Stage Nuclear Power Programme
95
90
84 84 86
Availability
85
79
80
75
70
65
60
55
90 91 90
72
69
89
Globally Advanced
Technology
Globally Unique
Stage - II
Fast Breeder Reactors
Stage - III
Thorium Based Reactors
75
World class
performance
50
1995- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- 2000- 2001- 2002- 2003- 2004- 200596
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
Stage – I PHWRs
• 14 - Operating
• 4 - Under construction • 40 MWth FBTR • Several others planned
Operating since 1985
• Scaling to 700 MWe
Technology Objectives
• Gestation period has
realised
been reduced
• 500 MWe PFBR• POWER POTENTIAL 
Under Construction
10,000 MWe
LWRs
• 2 BWRs Operating
• 2 VVERs under
construction
• POWER POTENTIAL 
530,000 MWe
• 30 kWth KAMINI- Operating
• 300 MWe AHWRUnder Development
POWER POTENTIAL IS
VERY LARGE
Availability of ADS can enable
early
introduction of
Thorium on
a large
scale
Comparison of Fuel Characteristics
• Calorific value of fossil fuels (kcal/kg)
Domestic Coal: 4000, Imported Coal: 5400, Naphtha: 10500, LNG: 9500
• Indian uranium-ore contains only 0.06% of uranium
(Canada’s 18%), but this provides
– 20 times more energy per tonne of mined material than coal
when uranium is used in once through open cycle in PHWRs
– 1200 to 1400 times more energy per tonne of mined material
than coal when used in closed cycle based on FBRs
• 1000 MWe Nuclear Power Plant needs movement of
12 trucks (10 Te/truck) of uranium fuel per year
• 1000 MWe Coal Power Plant needs movement of
3,80,000 trucks (10 Te/truck) of coal per year
Based on IAEA Bulletin 42, 2000
External Costs for various Electricity
Generating Technologies
Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April 2006
Worldwide annual per capita effective dose (mSv)
Worldwide average per capita dose from
natural and man- made radiation
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
Natural
sources
Diagnostic
medical X-ray
examination
Atmospheric
Nuclear
testing
Nuclear Power
Production
Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April 2006
Air pollution impacts (PM10) and other impacts
Relative environmental impact of different
Technologies of electricity generation
High
Biomass
Technologies
Low
Nuclear
Existing coal
technologies
no gas cleaning
New coal
Natural gas technologies
technologies
Wind
Low
High
Greenhouse gas impacts
Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April 2006
Levelised costs of generation of different
power sources in various countries
Photovoltaic
Offshore wind
Onshore wind
Hypower
Oil
Natural gas
Coal
Nuclear
Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April 2006
Overnight Cost @ 2003 price level
USD/kWe
2000
1000
MW
1600
700
1500
950
1000
700
1000
500
0
USA
FRANCE
CANADA
S.KOREA
Source NEA/ OECD Study, India: NPCIL Study
IND-LWR
IND-PHWR
Levelised Cost of Generation
Paise/ kWh at 2005-06 price level
Source MW
Cr/ MW Years
Lev/ Cost
Nuclear: 700
5.2
5
152
Coal : 500
4.0
3
164
Gas
: 500
2.7
2
182
Assumptions:
Discount rate: 5%, PLF 80%
Gas @ 3$/ mmBtu,Coal:Delivered Rs1344/T
If uranium is available at international prices,
levelised cost of nuclear generation can come
down to about 115
Nuclear electricity generation and capacity
addition since 1966
Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April 2006
Fast Breeder Reactor
500 MWe Fast Breeder
Reactor – Construction
launched on
October 23, 2004
ADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTOR
5
2
3
6
1
4
2
3
4
17
5
15
8
7
6
10
1
11
13
12
14
9
• BASIC DATA
FUEL : U-233/THORIUM MOX
+ Pu-239/THORIUM MOX
Secondary Containment
COOLANT : BOILING LIGHT
Primary Containment
WATER
Gravity Driven Water Pool
Isolation Condenser
MODERATOR : HEAVY WATER
Passive Containment
POWER
: 300 MW(e)
Isolation Duct
920 MW(t)
Vent Pipe
7 Tail Pipe Tower
8 Steam Drum
9 100 M Floor
10 Fuelling Machine
11 Deck Plate
12 Calandria with End Shield
13 Header
14 Pile Supports
15 Advanced Accumulator
16 Pre - Stressing Gallery
16
17 Passive Containment
Cooler
• Structured peer
review
completed
• Pre-licensing
design safety
appraisal by
AERB in
progress
Accelerator based energy technology
• Growth with
Thorium systems
Proton
Accelerator
Beam
Beam
Channel
• Transmutation of
long lived
radionuclides
Fission
233U
Fission fragments
LONG TERM R&D EFFORTS NEEDED
Collimator
Compact High Temperature Reactor
INSULATION
• Fluid fuel substitutes
(Hydrogen)
HEAT UTILIZING SYSTEM INTERFACE VESSELS
CORE - ACCIDENT CONDITION HEAT PIPES
GAS
RECEIVER
UPPER PLENUM - ACCIDENT CONDITION HEAT PIPES
UPPER
PLENUM
NORMAL OPERATION - HEAT PIPES
FUEL (U-233 Based)
BeO
GRAPHITE
PASSIVE
HEAT REMOVAL
GAS HEADER
REGULATING
SYSTEM
GAS HEADER
• Other high
STEEL temperature heat
HIGH TEMP. MATERIAL
applications
LIQUID METAL (Zn)
GAS GAP
COPPER/
RADIAL
HEAT PIPES
HIGH 'K' MATERIAL
START-UP
HEATER
HIGH TEMP. Pb-Bi
RESISTANT MATERIAL
INSULATION
LOWER
PLENUM
POOL OF
MOLTEN
METAL
Pb/Pb-Bi COOLANT
CONTROL TUBE
DRIVER TUBE
REGULATING
MECHANISM
Steady state superconducting tokamak (SST-1)
Pictures of
SST-1
Tokamak at
IPR,
Gandhinagar
• BASIC OBJECTIVE IS TO
STUDY PHYSICS OF PLASMA
PROCESSES IN TOKAMAK
UNDER STEADY STATE
CONDITIONS
• SST-1 HAS BEEN FABRICATED
AND ASSEMBLED.
• COMMISSIONING IS IN PROGRESS
Fusion Energy
India is a member of
ITER group
Schematic of the prototype
fusion breeder reactor
Challenges and strategies
• A country of the size of India cannot afford to plan its
economy on the basis of large scale import of energy
resources or energy technology
• Indigenous development of energy technologies based
on domestic fuel resources should be a priority for us.
• Nuclear power must contribute about a quarter of the
total electric power required 50 years from now, in order
to limit energy import dependence in percentage terms
at about the current level.
Thank You