New Asian Empires

1200 - 1800

1. The Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empires 2. The Mughal Empire 3. The Ming and the Qing Dynasty 4. Medieval Japan and Korea

•In Asia, the period from 1200 to 1800, was a time of great empires and shifts in power.

• From east of the Mediterranean Sea to India, strong Muslim rulers built large empires.

•In China a new dynasty sought to revive the traditions neglected under the Mongols, while a military society rose in Japan

1200 - 1800

2. The Mughal Empire-Muslims Rule in India

   Mughal rulers created a powerful empire and artistic culture flourished.

After the fall of the Gupta Empire apart in the 500’s, into a number of small kingdoms.

in which military might India broke For several centuries, no single ruler emerged to take charge of all India.

The Arrival of Islam

1200 - 1800

      Arab Muslim traders arrived in India for the first time.

Over time, some Muslims traders settled in Indian towns, where they peacefully lived beside Hindus and Buddhists.

The next Muslims to arrive, however, were not so peaceful Early 700’s, Muslim raiders invaded and conquered the area of Sind (Pakistan) By 1000, they reached Afghanistan.

By 1200 , most of northern India was under Muslim control

The Delhi Sultanate

1200 - 1800

    Once the control, they established a Muslims new government gained for the region.

Based in the city of Delhi Rulers were practices.

tolerate of traditional Indian As a result, a new culture emerged – a new language, Urdu , formed from a combination of Arabic and Sanskirt.

A New Empire Mughal

1200 - 1800

  The Delhi Sultante remained strong for about 300 years . By the early 1500s, however, its power was weakening, and left India wide open for invasion.

1200 - 1800

Babur

      A Young Central Asian named Zahir ud-Din, better known as Babur “the tiger” Failed to take over China and turned to India.

1526 – defeated the rulers of Delhi and founded the Mughal Empire .

Persian for Mongol Reigned as history.

India’s first Muslim Empire and were one of the great civilizations in Best known for its wealth and power

1200 - 1800

Akbar the Great

     Akbar the Great took over after the death of Babur .

One of the greatest of all Mughal rulers.

Did everything he could to win his people’s loyalty.

He promoted religious tolerance . He encouraged discussions and debates among Muslims, Hindus, Christians, and other religions.

Height of the Empire

1200 - 1800

  Babur and Akbar laid the foundation for a powerful empire .

The rulers who followed them built upon that foundation and raised Mughal India to new heights of power and wealth.

1200 - 1800

Jahangir

     Jahangir Akbar.

took power after the death of his father, Known as a good ruler, despite his ruthless start.

Practiced religious toleration, supported the arts and adopted many Persian influences into Indian society.

Wife Nur Jahan – born in Persia.

Sikhism Nanak – – founded by Guru blended Islam and Hinduism – One god, but believe in reincarnation

1200 - 1800

Shah Jahan

     Jahangir’s son an successor – Shah Jahan A Cultural Golden Age Followed same practices as his father. ( except religious tolerance ) Taj Mahal – greatest example of Mughal achievement – built as a tomb for Shah Jahan’s beloved wife.

New capital of India- Delhi – at the heart a Peacock Throne symbol of the Dynasty

1200 - 1800

Aurangzeb

      In 1657, Shah Jahan became extremely ill.

His sons , thinking their father was going to die, began to maneuver to take the throne.

War broke out among them.

Aurangzeb heads emperor.

, one of his sons, captured his father and brought him one of his son’s and declared himself Supported the growth of the Sunni Islam Increased the empire to its largest size.

Decline the Mughal Empire

1200 - 1800

   His actions marked the beginning of the end for the empire.

Due to harsh measures during his reign, frequent rebellions broke out in the late 1600s.

Civil War north.

broke out and invaders poured into India from the

1200 - 1800

3. The Ming and Qing Dynasty

 During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, European contact.

China prospered , but the empire entered a period of isolation in response to increasing

1200 - 1800

The Ming Dynasty

     1279 –Mongol leader Kublai Khan conquered China and founded the Yuan Dynasty.

After the death of Khan, China became ripe for rebellion and led to the Ming Dynasty.

Hongwu, “vastly martial” –founder of the Ming Dynasty – overthrew the last of the Mongol emperor.

Worked to rebuild China.

Reforms – reduced taxes and improved agriculture and trade and at the same time restored traditional Chinese practices, such as Confucianism and civil service examinations for government positions.

The Forbidden City

1200 - 1800

  Yonglo – successor of Hongwo northeast of China.

The Forbidden City – moved Ming Capital to Beijing , a city – a vast imperial city surrounded by high walls.

1200 - 1800

Ming Sea Voyages

   Zheng He – 1405 and 1433 – Chinese Muslim Admiral, the Indian Ocean led seven voyages around as far as Africa.

He sailed with a fleet of 300 ships. (included trading ships called junks as well as immense treasure ships, each 400 feet long.

He voyages demonstrated China’s growing sea power .

1200 - 1800

Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages

       First Voyage: 1405-1407 [62 ships; 27,800 men].

Second Voyage: 1407-1409 [Ho didn’t go on this trip].

Third Voyage: 1409-1411 [48 ships; 30,000 men]. Fourth Voyage: 1413-1415 [63 ships; 28,500 men].

Fifth Voyage: 1417-1419 Sixth Voyage: 1421-1422  Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and ordered ship builders and sailors to stop work.

Seventh Voyage: 1431-1433   Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to restore peaceful relations with Malacca & Siam 100 ships and 27,500 men; Cheng Ho died on the return trip.

1200 - 1800

Ming contact with Europeans



1498 --> Da Gama reached Calcutta , China’s favorite port.

1200 - 1800

Ming Society

    Foreign Relations to end voyages led to a period of – policy isolationism from the outside world.

Why? The arrival of Europeans and Christians interfered with traditional Chinese practices Mongol Empire.

that were already ruined by the Metteo Ricci – Italian Jesuit priest who learned Chinese and adopted many Chinese customs.

In exchange, he introduced mathematics and science from Europe.

1200 - 1800

Ming Decline

     In late 1500s, Ming Dynasty began to weaken.

High taxes, weak leaders, and crop failures created harsh economic times.

Manchu – a people from Manchuria swept into Beijing and took the capital.

The last Ming emperor killed himself to avoid capture .

The Manchu then their own dynasty and gave it a Chinese name – formed Qing.

1200 - 1800

Qing Dynasty

  The Qing Dynasty, 1644- 1911 – became the last dynasty in 3,500 years of imperial rule in China.

Under Manchu rule, China again grew prosperous and expanded to its largest size in history.

China under Qing Rule

1200 - 1800

    To win the support of opposition to many Chinese, customs traditions.

the Manchu showed respect for their Chinese and maintained Confucian Civil Service and government positions were distributed equally among Chinese and Manchu.

Kangxi and his grandson Qianlong – reduced taxes for peasants and expanded the empire into parts of Central Asia.

Agricultural production and population rose and the economy thrived due to better transportation and growing domestic and foreign markets.

Qing Foreign Relations

1200 - 1800

    1793 Lord George Macartney tried to change China’s isolationist policies.

He came to China to discuss expanding trade.

Emperor Qianlong and refused.

thought British goods were inferior demanded that he kowtow (kneel)’ Macartney At that time, China was one of the more advanced civilizations in the world.

1200 - 1800

Qing Decline

 China’s isolationism and refusal to enter the world market eventually toppled the Qing Dynasty – and imperial rule.

Ming and Qing Culture

1200 - 1800

    Under the two empires, China made many developments in the arts and literature . Ming artisans produced exquisite blue and white porcelain. Valuable trading item Rising literacy rates contributed to the growth or popular fiction.

Cao Zhan wrote the novel

Dream of the Red Chamber –

considered China’s greatest novel, examines the decline of an upper-class Chinese family.

1200 - 1800

Imperial China’s Impact on History

 Removed religion from morality .

   Beginnings of political philosophy through which a ruler must prove he/she is legitimate.

 Mandate of Heaven Secular law.

Valued history  The Dynastic Cycle