Transcript Growth and Development for Junior Coaches

Growth and Development for
Junior Coaches
By
Leigh Brown
RMIT University/Sydney Swans
Why Growth & Development?
• Important that we cater for all not just the most talented
• Junior coaches are very different to senior coaches
• Need to understand the differences between children, adolescents and adults
• Need to know how children learn
• What injuries may occur as a result of growth?
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Learning characteristics of children
• Children place a great deal of emphasis on the learning of
new skills
• Children develop skills in a simple to complex progression
• Children develop physically at different rates
• Children need to practice the skill in order to master it
• Children develop socially at different rates
• Often tall children will be expected to perform better
(shouldn’t be)
• Children’s bodies are developing and therefore need
modified equipment and rules
• Children need positive experiences
• Like you, if the children’s needs aren’t met they may look
elsewhere!
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Developmental Characteristics of Children
• Between age seven and
eleven children vary in
height by about 40%
• It is not uncommon for two
children to be four years
apart in physical
development
• Girls develop physically
quicker than boys
• Important they all develop
correct technique
• Can be a problem with
early maturers
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General Characteristics of Children
Age 6-7
• They are the centre of life
• Respond well to drill and practice activities
• Attention span is short - change activities regularly
• They may want to be first all the time - avoid long lines
• Their fine manipulative skills may not be good - focus on
gross movements
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General Characteristics of Children
• Age 8-9
• Work better in groups
• Language can be used well - don’t baby them
• Exploratory learning can be used well at this stage
• Need lots of practice - will persist more
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General Characteristics of Children
Age 10-11
• Competitive urge is growing - encourage a personal best
approach rather than win at all costs mentality
• Have the capacity to learn more complex skills
• Start of wider maturation issues
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Types of learners
• Visual
• Listener
• Thinker
• Kinesthetic
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Visual
• Learns best by watching someone else demonstrate a
movement
• May need visual feedback
• Video cameras?
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Listener
• Focuses on words
• Asks questions such as “what do you mean by…….?”
• Needs key words
• Needs verbal feedback
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Thinker
• This type of learner requires concepts and principles of
skills to clarify what is required in a skill
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Kinesthetic
• Wants to know what the movement feels like
• Physical guidance and repeated practice assist this type
of learner
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What to focus on!
• Ball work
• Skill development – competency versus activity
• Sound habits
• Challenge them
• Make it enjoyable and learning
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Some other factors
• Variety is the spice of life
• Success breeds success
• Use help if you can get it
• What is the measure of your success?
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Consider this
• How long does it take to teach the football kick?
• How many skills are you attempting to teach in a year?
• How much time do you have available to do this?
• Consider this next table!
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Annual Time Available 25 week football season
Days of instruction
1
2
Total instructional days
available
25
50
Minutes per class
60
60
Total time per year
1500
3000
Uncontrolled lost time
150
300
Available instruction time
1350
2700
Actual learning time – 50%
ontask time
675 or 11 hours and 15
minutes
1350 or 22 hours and 30
minutes
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Maximising Your Training Time
• Introduction-Administration
• Effective equipment distribution
• Maximising student practice time
• Minimising Instructions
• Minimising Off-Task Behaviour
• Transition time
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How much can you cover?
• It takes about 700 minutes to learn to kick
• If you have only 675 minutes to cover everything what are you going to do?
• Exit goals
• Homework
• Reports
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Skill learning
• Identify learning styles of students
• Feedback
• Teaching styles
• Fitness versus skill in practice
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Adolescent growth & injury
concerns
Leigh Brown
What injuries occur during adolescence?
• Injuries related to sports participation fall into two types of
trauma: micro (due to repetitive trauma) and macro (due
to a single traumatic event). Often these injuries are
trivialized and the young athlete is asked or encouraged
to "toughen up and play through the pain." This approach
is not in the young athlete's best interest for the following
reasons:
• It often leads to delayed healing and return to sports
• It can turn an easily treatable injury into one that
becomes difficult to treat, and
• In some cases, it can result in a prominent injury that
precludes sports participation
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Strength Training & Young People
• Is a controversial issue
• Eastern v Western Philosophy
• Concerns about growth plate damage
• Central Nervous System and Motor Control
• Biological Maturity – Bone development, heart and lung development
• Hormonal development – Strength v hypertrophy
• Technical requirements
• How much time do you have?
• What expertise do you have?
• What facilities/equipment do you have?
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Strength Training for Children and Adolescents
• Strength training programs for pre-adolescents and adolescents can be safe and
effective if proper resistance training techniques and safety precautions are followed.
• Pre-adolescents and adolescents should avoid competitive weight lifting, power lifting,
body building, and maximal lifts until they reach physical and skeletal maturity.
• Aerobic conditioning should be coupled with resistance training if general health
benefits are the goal.
• Strength training programs should include a warm-up and cool-down component.
• Specific strength training exercises should be learned initially with no load (resistance).
Once the exercise skill has been mastered, incremental loads can be added.
• Progressive resistance exercise requires successful completion of 8 to 15 repetitions in
good form before increasing weight or resistance.
• A general strengthening program should address all major muscle groups and exercise
through the complete range of motion.
• Any sign of injury or illness from strength training should be evaluated before
continuing the exercise in question.
• Taken from AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness PEDIATRICS
Vol. 107 No. 6 June 2001p1470
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The Adolescent & Fractures
• The adolescent is still growing. The growth plates (physis)
are cartilaginous (strong connective tissue) areas of the
bones from which the bones elongate or enlarge.
Repetitive stress or sudden large forces can cause injury
to these areas. In the adolescent knee, such injuries
include:
• Fracture--Breaking of the growth plates. A fracture
through the growth plate can be a very serious injury that
can stop the bone from growing properly. These fractures
should be treated by an orthopedist, as some will require
surgery.
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Osgood-Schlatter’s & Patella
• Osgood-Schlatter's disease--Pain at the knob just below
the knee cap (tibia tubercle). Overuse injury may occur
because of year-round sports participation. This type of
injury responds to rest and activity modification.
Adolescents will outgrow Osgood-Schlatter's.
• Sindig-Larsen-Johansson disease--Pain at the lower
pole of the knee cap (patella). Sindig-Larsen-Johansson
disease is caused by overuse and is treated with rest.
Adolescents will outgrow it.
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Osteochondritis dissecans & Patella
• Osteochondritis dissecans--Separation of a piece of
bone from its bed in the knee joint. This injury is usually
due to one major macro event, with repetitive macro
trauma that prevents complete healing. This injury is
potentially very serious. Treatment varies from rest to
surgery.
• Bipartite/multipartite patella--Results from failure of a
bone growth center to fuse normally. Rest is the first line
of treatment, but if pain persists, surgery may be
required.
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Patella Femoral
• Anterior knee pain--Anterior knee pain, or patella
femoral syndrome, is often passed off as growing pains.
Causes of this pain include overuse, muscle imbalance,
poor flexibility, poor alignment, or, more commonly, a
combination of these. Anterior knee pain is one of the
most difficult adolescent knee injuries to sort out and treat.
Accurate diagnosis and treatment depends on finding a
musculoskeletal specialist with a special interest and
expertise in this difficult area.
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Patella Instability
• Patellar instability--Patellar (kneecap) instability can
range from partial dislocation (subluxation) to dislocation
with fracture. Partial dislocation can often be treated
conservatively. Dislocation with or without fracture is a
much more serious injury and usually will require surgery.
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Menisci
• Meniscal injury--An injury to the meniscus, the crescentshaped cartilage between the thigh bone (femur) and
lower leg bone (tibia). These injuries usually result from
twisting. Swelling, catching, and locking of the knee are
common. Nearly all of these types of injuries will require
arthroscopic surgery.
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Questions to ponder!
• How would you cater for multi age group, multi abilities in one group of 30
players?
• What is more important quality or quantity? Give an example
• When should strength training begin?
• What type of equipment is best? Why
• What should you do if you suspect a player is carrying a long term injury?
• Why were many players not able to complete the AIS camp this year (the
trend is getting worse)?
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Conclusion
• Adolescent sports injuries continue to rise.
• Certain injuries tend to occur to certain age groups and sexes.
• In most cases, a good history and physical exam by an adolescent
sports medicine expert will provide an accurate diagnosis.
• Knee swelling, pain, or loss of function are not normal.
• Remember, not all serious knee injuries result from major trauma.
• Injuries that appear minor can have serious consequences.
• Adolescents have a lot of enjoyable sporting years ahead of them. It
would be a shame to see this enjoyment end too soon.
• When in doubt, seek expert medical advice. It's better to be safe than
sorry.
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