Transcript Microlicensing: towards more effective mechanisms to

“Microlicensing”:
towards more effective mechanisms to support
copyright compliance on the network
A workshop session for UKSG 2009 – Torquay
Mark Bide, Executive Director, EDItEUR
Agenda
Standards for permissions communication
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Services
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RightsLink
iCopyright
OZMO
Registries
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Creative Commons
PLUS
ACAP
ONIX-PL
The Book Rights Registry
ARROW
Drawing it all together – what have we got, what do we need
to manage copyright effectively on the network?
Standards developments
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The nice thing about standards is that there
are so many of them to choose from…*
* Andrew S. Tanenbaum
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1980s
mid 90’s
Libraries
Archives
XML schema
url
MPEG7
V-ISAN
Audiovisual
ISAN
Music
SAN
STANDARDS
XrML
SMPTE
DMCS
ISRC
ACAP
ISO codes
DOI
ONIX
DDEX
IPDA
IPI
MPid
MWLI
ISMN
PLUS
ISWC
CIS
CAE
Copyright
Magazines
PRISM
CrossRef
<indecs>
NITF
NewsML
ONIX-PL
CC
IIM
Newspapers
SCORM
EAN
UPC
P/META
GRid
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abc
Handle
MPEG21
UMID
LOM
uri
urn
Multimedia
IMS Education
Dublin Core
RDF
ISO11179
ERMI
Museums
CIDOC
FRBR
MARC
Technology
today
ISSN
SICI
ISBN
IDPF
Journals
Books
eBooks
ISTC Texts
Photographs
ERMI
The nice thing about standards is that there
are so many of them to choose from…
A major task for the standards community in 2009 and
beyond….
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http://creativecommons.org/
Creative Commons
A not for profit, founded in the US in 2001
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Lawrence Lessig (a lawyer)
“Some Rights Reserved” – a more appropriate model for
the network?
A movement as much as a standardisation organisation
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Committed to a vision of how content should be made
available for reuse
An adjunct to, and to some extent a challenge to, conventional
commercial thinking about copyright
Supported by volunteers and well as paid staff
Can be applied to any type of resource
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Text, music, photographs
The Creative Commons licences
Standard licences in 3 formats
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Commons Deed (human-readable code)
Legal Code (“lawyer-readable code”)
Metadata (machine-readable code).
Different variants for different jurisdictions
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Local Creative Commons organisations in many different
countries including the UK.
Creative Commons symbology
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Attribution
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Noncommercial
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No derivatives
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Share Alike
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Can be combined as appropriate to show clearly which of
the licences the rightsholder has decided to use:
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http://www.ozmo.com/
CC+
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An extension to the original Creative Commons concept
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Expressing permissions which go beyond the basic CC licence
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eg providing terms paid-for permission for commercial use for a CC
“nc” licence
A syntactic standard, not a semantic standard
Being used by the Copyright Clearance Center for is
OZMO service
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http://www.useplus.com
The PLUS Coalition
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US-based not for profit, founded in 2004
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“To simplify and facilitate the communication and
management of image rights”
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UK based company too, but currently dormant
Photography poorly served by standards
Licensing very complex
Easy for works to be orphaned online
Broad based coalition
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Photographers and photo libraries
Users of photographs (publishers, advertising agencies etc)
Relevant technology companies
PLUS Standardisation
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Licence format
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Glossary
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A model for what a licence should contain
“PLUS Packs” – model licences for specific applications
A “licence generator”
Definitions of terms to be used in licences
1000 terms, but not (yet?) formally structured
Media matrix
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Standard encoding system for licence terms
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|PLUS|V0120|U001|1IAK1UNA2EBF3PRS4SJB5VUG6QEE7DWE8RCE8IAL8LAF9EIN|
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Machine readable – machine interpretable?
PLUS implementation
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Some large (book) publishers have adopted PLUS
approach for licensing photographs
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PLUS licences
PLUS terminology
Implementations of Media Matrix for microlicensing not
yet identified
Recognition of requirement for identity; planning for
registries
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For parties (buyers and sellers)
For photographic works
www.the-acap.org
ACAP –
Automated Content Access Protocol
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Launched as a project in 2007
Funded and led by three trade associations
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World Association of Newspapers
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European Publishers Council
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International Publishers Association
Participation from all types of publishing
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Newspapers, magazines, books, scientific journals
Very broad membership
Currently substantially focused on influencing the political
debate
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ACAP – Origins
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Concern about “the search engine problem”
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Considerable confusion in publishing, particularly news, about
the role of the search engines:
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driving online traffic
becoming major “media businesses”
Only response – law suits
Status quo unsustainable
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Positive:
Negative:
Online presence impossible in absence of sustainable business
model
Cost of infringement actions too high
Difficulties of inconsistency in international law, jurisprudence
Not anti-search or anti-search-engine
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…in favour of allowing content owners to make choices
An “internet scale” solution to an “internet
scale” problem
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A method of communicating publishers’ policies which
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…is machine readable – and machine interpretable
…is standard (not proprietary)
…is universally applicable
…has the lowest possible barriers to use
…has the widest possible stakeholder engagement
…is not simply about dealing with an immediate challenge, but
also provides a platform to enable the future of commerce in
content
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…is flexible and extensible
…supports any business model
ACAP as an enabler
To the extent ACAP can develop into an enabler
of content flow…and not become an inhibitor like
some failed experiments with digital rights
management, it has the potential to be an
important element of more vibrant business
models for publishers in the future.
Thomas C. Rubin: Chief Counsel for
Intellectual Property Strategy, Microsoft Corporation
November 2008
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www.editeur.org
EDItEUR’s family of ONIX standards
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Book trade standards organisation with its origins in
developing EDI messages for use internationally
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The ONIX family can trace its origins to the requirement
for “rich product metadata” created by online book retail
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Established 1991
90+ members in 40+ countries: publishing, supply chain,
libraries
The purchase experience wholly dependent on metadata
Now a family of XML messages, covering both books and serial
publications
Related (but separate) standards for XML-EDI, RFID
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ONIX-PL: origins
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Institutions facing a number of issues:
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Managing an ever increasing number of resources/licences
Correct interpretation of licences
Exploiting negotiated licence terms and conditions
Populating licence elements in ERM systems
Communicating licence terms to users
Goals
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Express licence terms in machine-readable form
Communicate electronically, typically from licensor to licensee
Enable licence terms to be loaded into computer systems
Not for purposes of “control” (DRM), but to provide accurate
information at the point of use
Better management of licence templates and individual agreements?
ONIX-PL
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Structure
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ONIX-PL enables both model licences (templates) and individual
licence agreements to be expressed
ONIX-PL expression has a preamble, definitions, supply terms, usage
terms, payment terms, and general terms
Usage terms more highly structured than supply or general terms
Flexibility
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ONIX-PL is intended to enable the whole of a publications licence to
be expressed, with a level of structuring that is appropriate to the
type of term
The dictionary is extensible, so that new terms can be added without
structural change, by adding new controlled values
Essentially a toolkit: the market will decide how best to apply it
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Why all these different developments?
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Common threads
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Firmly rooted in copyright
Communication of licence terms/permissions, not their enforcement
Recognition of need for standardisation, particularly of semantics
Differences
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Sectoral (ONIX-PL, PLUS) or general (ACAP, CC – perhaps ONIX)
Primarily machine to person (ONIX-PL, CC, PLUS) or primarily machine
to machine (ACAP, perhaps PLUS)
Commercial (ONIX-PL, ACAP, PLUS) or non-commercial (CC)
Full licences (ONIX-PL, PLUS) or simpler permissions (ACAP, CC)
Some copyright clearance
services
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Next steps – Registries
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Registry projects
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The Book Rights Registry
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ARROW
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To be established to support Google settlement
Identifies books and their rightsholders (or the absence of
rightsholders)
Accessible Registries of Rights Information and Orphan Works
towards Europeana
European project, led by AIE; publishers, rights management
organisations (including CLA, ALCS, PLS), libraries (including
the British Library)
Network of distributed registries
PLUS registries
And now its over to you…
The question
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That’s what we’ve got (or what we are getting)…
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…what do we still need to develop to manage copyright
on the network?
[email protected]
A workshop session for UKSG 2009 – Torquay
Mark Bide, Executive Director, EDItEUR