Developmental Psychology - Lake Oswego High School: Home Page
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Transcript Developmental Psychology - Lake Oswego High School: Home Page
Life Span Development
Chapter 10
Methods in Developmental Psychology
Cross-Sectional Study
Study people of different ages at the same
point in time
Advantages
Inexpensive
Can be completed quickly
Low attrition
Disadvantages
Different age groups are not necessarily much
alike
Differences may be due to cohort differences
rather than age
Longitudinal Study
Study the same group of people over time
Advantages
Detailed information about subjects
Developmental changes can be studied in detail
Eliminates cohort differences
Disadvantages
Expensive and time consuming
Potential for high attrition
Differences over time may be due to assessment
tools and not age
Biographical or Retrospective Study
Participant’s past is reconstructed through
interviews and other research about their
life
Advantages
Great detail about life of individual
In-depth study of one person
Disadvantages
Recall of individual may not be accurate
Can be expensive and time consuming
Prenatal Development
Period of time from conception to birth
Embryo
Fetus
From about two weeks after conception to
three months after conception
Three months after conception to birth
Placenta
Connects fetus to mother
Brings oxygen and nutrients
Takes away wastes
Prenatal Development
Critical Period
Terotogens
Time when influences have major effect
Substances that can damage an embryo or
fetus
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Occurs in children of women who consume
large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy
Symptoms include facial deformities, heart
defects, stunted growth, and cognitive
impairments
The Newborn Baby
Reflexes
Rooting
Sucking
Enables newborn babies to swallow liquids without
choking
Grasping
Newborn’s tendency to suck on objects placed in the
mouth
Swallowing
Baby turns its head toward something that brushes its
cheek and gropes around with mouth
Close fist around anything placed in their hand
Stepping
Stepping motions made by an infant when held upright
Temperament
Temperament refers to characteristic patterns of
emotional reactions and emotional self-regulation
Thomas and Chess identified three basic types
of babies
Easy
Good-natured,
Difficult
easy to care for, adaptable
Moody
and intense, react to new situations
and people negatively and strongly
Slow-to-warm-up
Inactive
and slow to respond to new things,
and when they do react, it is mild
Temperament
Kagan has added a fourth type
Shy
Child
Timid
and inhibited, fearful of anything new
or strange
Temperament may predict later disposition
Perceptual Abilities
Vision
Clear
for 8-10 inches
Good vision by 6 months
Depth
Perception
Visual
Other
Ears
cliff research
Senses
are functional prior to birth
Infants particularly tune in to human voices
Taste and smell are fully functional
Infancy and Childhood
Physical Development
Children
grow about 10 inches and
gain about 15 pounds in first year
Growth occurs in spurts, as much as 1
inch overnight
Growth slows during second year
Motor Development
Developmental
Norms
Ages
by which an average child achieves
various developmental milestones
Maturation
Automatic
biological unfolding of
development in an organism as a
function of passage of time
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensory-Motor
Object
Stage
(birth to 2 years)
permanence
Preoperational
Stage
(2-7 years)
Egocentric
Concrete
Operations
Principles
Formal
(7-11 years)
of conservation
Operations
Understand
(11-15 years)
abstract ideas
Criticisms of Piaget's Theory
Many question assumption that there are
distinct stages in cognitive development
Criticism of notion that infants do not
understand world
Piaget may have underestimated influence
of social interaction in cognitive
development
Kohlberg’s
Stages of Moral Development
Preconventional
“Good” behavior is mostly to avoid punishment
or seek reward
Conventional
(preadolescence)
(adolescence)
Behavior is about pleasing others and, in later
adolescence, becoming a good citizen
Postconventional
Emphasis is on abstract principles such as justice,
equality, and liberty
Criticisms of Kohlberg’s Theory
Research shows that many people never
progress past the conventional level
Theory does not take cultural differences
into account
Theory is considered by some to be sexist
in that girls often scored lower on tests of
morality
Language Development
Babbling
Make
the sounds of all languages
Holophrases
One
word is used to mean a whole
sentence
Theories of Language Development
Skinner theorized that language develops as
parents reward children for language usage
Chomsky proposed the language acquisition
device
A neural mechanism for acquiring language
presumed to be “wired into” all humans
Bilingualism and the development of a
second language
Social Development
Parent-Child Relationships in Infancy
Development of Attachment
Imprinting
Tendency to follow the first moving thing seen
Occurs in many species of animals
Attachment
Humans form a bond with those who care for
them in infancy
Based upon interaction with caregiver
Autonomy
Sense of independence
Socialization
Process by which children learn appropriate
attitudes and behaviors
Social Development
Parent-Child Relationships in Childhood
Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
Authoritarian
Tightly control children’s behavior and insist
on obedience
Can produce children who have poor
communication skills, who are moody,
withdrawn, and distrustful
Permissive-indifferent
Parents have too little control and often are
indifferent and neglectful
Children tend to become overly dependent
and lack social skills and self-control
Baumrind’s Parenting Styles
Permissive-Indulgent
Parents are very attentive and supportive, but
do not set limits on behavior
Children tend to be immature, disrespectful,
impulsive, and out of control
Authoritative
Parents provide firm structure, but are not
overly controlling
Parents listen to their children’s opinions and
explain their decisions, bur are still clearly in
charge
Children tend to become self-reliant and
socially responsible
Relationships With Other Children
Solitary play
Parallel play
Children first play by themselves
As they get older, children play side-by-side
with other children, but not interacting
Cooperative play
By about 3 or 3½, children begin playing with
others
Relationships With Other Children
Peer group
A network of same-aged friends and
acquaintances who give one another
emotional and social support
When children start school, peers begin to
have greater influence
Nonshared environment
Unique aspects of the environment that are
experienced differently by siblings
Sex-Role Development
Gender identity
Knowledge of being a boy or girl
Occurs by age 3
Gender constancy
Child realizes that gender cannot change
Occurs by age 4 or 5
Sex-Role Development
Gender-role awareness
Gender stereotypes
Knowing appropriate behavior for each gender
Beliefs about presumed characteristics of each
gender
Sex-typed behavior
Socially defined ways to behave different for boys
and girls
May be at least partly biological in origin
Adolescence
Physical Changes
Growth spurt
Begins about age 10½ in girls and about 12½
in boys
Sexual development
Puberty
Onset
of sexual maturation
Menarche
First
menstrual period for girls
Physical Changes
Early and late developers
Adolescent sexual activity
Approximately ¾ of males and ½ of females
between 15 and 19 have had intercourse
Average age for first intercourse is 16 for boys
and 17 for girls
Teenage pregnancy
Rate of teen pregnancy has fallen in the last 50
years
Highest in U.S. of all industrialized nations
Cognitive Changes
Imaginary audience
Personal fable
Adolescent delusion that everyone else is
always focused on them
Delusion that they are unique and very
important
Invulnerability
Nothing can harm them
Personality and Social Development
Major occurrence in adolescence is identity
formation
Forming an identity
Achievement
Successfully
Foreclosure
Settle
for identity others wish for them
Moratorium
Explore
find identity
various identities
Diffusion
Unable
to “find themselves”
Personality and Social Development
Relationships with peers
Adolescents often form cliques, or groups with
similar interests and strong mutual attachment
Relationships with parents
Adolescents test and question every rule and
guideline from parents
Some Problems of Adolescence
Declines
in self-esteem
Related
to appearance
Satisfaction in appearance is related to
higher self-esteem
Depression
Rate
and suicide
of suicide among adolescents has
increased 600% since 1950, but has
leveled off in ’90s
Suicide often related to depression, drug
abuse, and disruptive behaviors
Adulthood
Love, Partnerships, and Parenting
Forming partnerships
First major event of adulthood is forming and
maintaining close relationships
Parenthood
Having children alters dynamics of
relationships
Marital satisfaction often declines after birth of
child
Marital Satisfaction
Other Issues
The World of Work
Cognitive Changes
Balancing career and family obligations is a
challenge
Thinking is more flexible and practical
Personality Changes
Less self-centered, better coping skills
Some men and women have a midlife crisis (or
midlife transition)
The "Change of Life"
Menopause
Late Adulthood
Physical Changes
In
late adulthood, physical deterioration
is inevitable
A person’s response to these changes are
important
Social Development
Independent
and satisfying lifestyles
Retirement
Most
people will stop working and face
challenges with that sudden change
Sexual
behavior
Research
shows that many older couples
continue to be sexually active
Cognitive Changes
Research
has demonstrated that those
who continue to “exercise” their mental
abilities can delay mental decline
Alzheimer’s
disease afflicts
approximately 10% of people over 65
and perhaps as many as 50% of those
over 85
Facing the End-of-Life
Kubler-Ross’s
Stages of Dying
Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance