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Unit 9: Developmental Psychology Introduction • Developmental psychology –Nature versus nurture –Continuity and stages –Stability and change Physical Development Brain Development • Brain development • Pruning process • Maturation - Automatic and sequential Physical Development • Motor development –(muscle & movement) –Learning to walk Cognitive Development • Cognition • Jean Piaget –Schema • Mental groupings –Assimilation • add –Accommodation • change Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking • Sensorimotor Stage –Object permanence • “out of sight, out of mind” Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking • Preoperational Stage –Conservation Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking • Egocentrism Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking • Theory of Mind • Lev Vygotsky • Zone of proximal development Cognitive Development Piaget’s Theory and Current Thinking Cognitive Development • Autism Social Development • Stranger anxiety Social Development • Attachment –Body contact –Contact comfort • Harry Harlow’s studies –Familiarity • Critical period • Imprinting • Sensitive period Social Development Attachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting • Ainsworth’s “strange situation” –Secure attachment –Insecure attachment Social Development Attachment Differences: Temperament and Parenting • Temperament –Easy, difficult & slow to warm up babies • Erikson’s Basic trust Social Development Parenting Styles • Parenting styles (Baumrind) –Authoritarian –Permissive –Authoritative • Correlation versus causation Social Development Culture and Child-Rearing • Differences in child-rearing from culture to culture Gender Development • Gender –Influences on social development Gender Development Gender Similarities and Differences • Gender and aggression –Aggression • Physical versus relational aggression • Gender and social power • Gender and social connectedness Gender Development The Nurture of Gender • Gender Role –Role • Gender and child -rearing –Gender identity –Gender typing • Social learning theory Parents and Early Experiences • Experience and brain development Parents and Early Experiences • How much credit (or blame) do parents deserve? • Peer influence? Physical Development Adolescence • Puberty –Primary sexual characteristics • menarche –Secondary sexual characteristics Cognitive Development Developing Morality • Lawrence Kohlberg –Preconventional morality –Conventional morality –Postconventional morality Social Development • Forming an identity –Identity –Social identity –Intimacy • Parent and peer relationships Physical Development • Physical changes in middle adulthood –Menopause • Physical changes in later life –Life expectancy –Sensory abilities –Health –Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease Cognitive Development Aging and Intelligence –Cross-sectional study –Longitudinal study • It all depends –Crystallized intelligence –Fluid intelligence Social Development Adulthood’s Ages and Stages • Midlife transition • Social clock Biopsychosocial Influences on Successful Aging Continuity and Stages The End Definition Slides Developmental Psychology = a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. Zygote = the fertilized egg, it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. Embryo = the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. Fetus = the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. Teratogens = agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) = physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions. Habituation = decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. Maturation = biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. Cognition = all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. Schema = a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. Assimilation = interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas. Accommodation = adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. Sensorimotor Stage = in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. Object Permanence = the awareness that things continue to exist when not perceived. Preoperational Stage = in Piaget’s theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.. Conservation = the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. Egocentrism = in Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view. Theory of Mind = people’s ideas about their own and other’s mental states – about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. Concrete Operational Stage = in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. Formal Operational Stage = in Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. Autism = a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of other’s states of mind. Stranger Anxiety = the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. Attachment = an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. Critical Period = an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. Imprinting = the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. Temperament = a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. Basic Trust = according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. Self-concept = our understanding and evaluation of who we are. Gender = in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female. Aggression = physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. X Chromosome = the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child. Y Chromosome =the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. Testosterone = the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. Role = a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. Gender Role = a set of unexpected behaviors for males or for females. Gender Identity = our sense of being male or female. Gender Typing = the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. Social Learning Theory = the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. Adolescence = the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. Puberty = the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. Primary Sexual Characteristics = the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that makes sexual reproduction possible. Secondary Sex Characteristics = nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. Menarche = the first menstrual period. Identity = our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. Social Identify = the “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “Who am I?” that comes from our group memberships. Intimacy = in Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. Emerging Adulthood = for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood. Menopause = the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. Cross-sectional Study = a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another. Longitudinal Study = research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period. Crystallized Intelligence = our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. Fluid Intelligence = our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. Social Clock = the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.