Transcript Document
Simulation of ps-Detector Electronics
Approaches & Possibilities
Workshop on Very Fast Time-of-Flight Methods, Problems and Prospects
November 18, 2005
University of Chicago
Fukun Tang
Electronics Development Group
University of Chicago
Introduction
Approaches and Possibilities
Simulations
Summary
INTRODUCTION: Tube Signal Modeling
64 master anode pads per tube
Signal summed by equal timing traces on a single collector
Mismatched terminations
Anode Pad
Buried Vias
Collector
Cross-Section of Anode Board
Electronics Board
Tube Output Signal on Collector
Signal on the tube collector from Tim’ simulation
Rising time 25ps
Pulse width (FWHM): 40ps
Reflection coefficient: -0.98 (RL=100 ohms)
Reflection delay (round trip): 240ps
Recovery time: 75ns (Settled at 1ppm)
25ps
240ps
40ps
75ns@1ppm
Ps-Detector Electronics Requirements
PMT Output Signal
Start
Reference Clock
Stop
1ns
Tw
1ps rms Resolution Time-to-Digital Converter!!!
Approaches and Posibilities
Discriminators
Leading-edge discriminator
Constant fraction discriminator
Different types TDCs
Wilkinson (Mixed)
Time to Amplitude Converter (TAC) (Analog)
“Direct” measurement (Digital)
Historical techniques come back but with latest technology!
Approaches & Possibilities
From Harold’s talk, we will build two Chips for Tube Readout (1)
psFront-end (2) psTransport
Time Stamp & Data Buffers
“Zero”-walk Disc.
Driver
11-bit
ADC
Data
Receiver
PMT
TAC
CK0
1:200
Time
Stretcher
1Ghz PLL
Chip1
11-bit 5Ghz
Counter
5Ghz PLL
4x1Ghz PLL
CK1
Chip2
Simulation Tools
Spice based Simulators:
(1) Cadence:
Spectre (analog)
(2) Mentor Graphic: Accusim (analog)
(3) Cadence: Virtuoso (mixed signal)
(4) Mentor Graphic: Eldo, Eldo-RF
Preliminary Simulation Work
One Simulation Based on Behavioral Model:
SIM-I:
“Zero-walk” Discriminator
Three Simulations Based on IHP 0.25mm BiCMOS
Process:
SIM-II:
Zero-crossing Comparator
SIM-III:
1:200 Time Stretcher
SIM-IV:
Time-to-Amplitude Converter (TAC)
Introduction to IHP 0.25mm BiCMOS SiGe Process
0.25mm CMOS technology
NMOS: Isat=537ma @ WxL=25x0.28mm2
PMOS: Isat=-230ma @ WxL=25x0.28mm2
4 metal layers (Al) and one MIM (metal-insulator-metal) layer 1f/mm2
Current densities:
M1: 0.85ma/mm
M2: 1.00ma/mm
M3: 1.00ma/mm
M4: 3.40ma/mm
Gatepoly: 0.25ma/mm
SiGe based NPN HBT (heterojunction bipolar transistor)
SGC25A: ft=60Ghz, Ic=0.5-63ma
SGC25B: ft=120Ghz, Ic=0.5-63ma
SGC25C: ft=200Ghz, Ic=0.5-63ma
High dielectric stack for RF passive component
CMOS core voltage 2.5V
Why we choose this process?
Very low jitter discriminators
Very low jitter phase locked loops
SIM-I: “Zero-Walk” Discriminator Schematics
Constant Fraction
Discriminator
Tw
Start
1ns extratime delay
Very fast Zero-Crossing voltage Comparator added
Stop
SIM-I: “Zero-walk” Discriminator Behavioral
Model Simulation
10 Input Signals:
Tr=15ps, V=7mV to 70mV
“0” walk at “0”-Crossing
0
50p
100p 150p
200p
250p
Constant fraction attenuator: f=1/3
Delay line: Td=20ps
Shapes input signal to a zero-crossing bipolar signal
SIM-I:
“Zero-walk” Discriminator
Behavioral Model Simulation Results
10x amplitude changes
(7mv – 70mV)
Tr=15ps
“Walk”=10ps
Reflection
Leading-Edge Disc.
Output
“walk”=“0”ps
Constant Fraction
Disc. Output
Time Interval Latch Output
0
50p
100p 150p 200p 250p 300p 350p 400p 450p 500p
SIM-II: Zero-Crossing Voltage Comparator Schematics
Based on IHP 0.25mm BiCMOS Process
2 gain Stages, 2 level shifters, A =400
SIM-II:
Zero-Cross Comparator
Preliminary Simulation Results
+
1.56V
0.8V
0
25p
50p
75p
100p
Comparator Outputs @ Input Signal 1mV to 10 mV Sweep (Increment = 1mV)
SIM-II: Comparator Simulation Results
Simulation input signal 1-10mV square pulses.
Output is fully saturated at 8mV input signal.
Output swing is 1.6V in differential.
Skew time less than 2.5ps at 10 time signal size
changes (full width)
More comprehensive simulation needed
SIM-III: Wilkinson Type TDC Simulation
Bipolar Time Stretcher: Functional Block
Ts = Tw + K Tw + p
K = Isc – Isk
p = pedestal
Isc=200i
C
Tw
1ns
Vc
Tw
Isk=i
Ts
200ns
CK
EN
CK
5Ghz counter
Data
SIM-III:
Bipolar Time Stretcher Schematics
based on IHP 0.25mm BiCMOS Process
i-source and i-sink use
Behavioral models
Ratio = 200
SIM-III:
Simulation Result of
Stretched Time Interval vs. Input Time Interval
Stretched time interval output signal
Stretched Time = 274ns
(pedestal=74ns)
1ps Time Interval Input Signal
0
50ns
100ns
150ns
200ns
250ns
300ns
SIM-III: Charge and Discharge Switches
Caused Overshoot and Undershoot on Time
Stretcher Output
250mV overshoot
Input Time Signal
1ns
Stretched output
Signal
-50mV undershoot
0
2.5ns
5.0ns
7.7ns
SIM-IV: TAC Simulation
Start: Vc = K Tw + p
Stop: Vc Hold
Reset
RESET
Tw
tw2
tw1
C
Tw
i_sink
TAC OUT
vc1
vc2
SIM-IV: Time-to-Amplitude (TAC) Schematics
Based on IHP 0.25mm BiCMOS Process
Switch Forward Charge
Cancellation
SIM-IV: TAC Output vs. Tw = 1ns Input
TAC Reset
1ps Time Interval Input
1ns
Slop= -640uV/ps
Reset
Ready
TAC
TAC Voltage Output
Vc Hold for ADC
SIM-IV: TAC Simulation Results
Sweep Tw from 1ns to 2ns with 100ps Increment
Tw=1ns
Tw=2ns
10 Different Tw Inputs
10 TAC Outputs
Vc(1ns)
Vc(2ns)
SIM-IV: TAC Outputs vs. Tw Inputs
Sweep Tw from 1ns to 1.01ns with 1ps
Increment
TAC Sensitivity = - 640uV/ps
Tw=1000ps
Tw=1001ps
Tw=1002ps
Tw=1003ps
Tw=1004ps
Tw=1005ps
Tw=1006ps
Tw=1007ps
Tw=1008ps
Tw=1009ps
Wilkinson TDC Vs. TAC-ADC
Based on IHP 0.25mm BiCMOS SiGe Process
Wilkinson TDC
Bipolar Control Switches
Big Ratio (I-source/I-sink)
Two-Slope Conversion
No Forward Charge
Cancellation
High Speed 11–bit Counter
(5Ghz)
High Noise Immunization
for counter (200ps/Count)
TAC-ADC type TDC
CMOS Control Switches
One Slope Conversion
Forward Charge
Cancellation
Mid-Speed 11-bit ADC
Mid Noise Immunization
for ADC (640uV/Count)
Full Scale: 1.31V/2ns
REVIEW OF IC DESIGN TOOLS
Design Stage
Digital
Analog
Behavioral Modeling
VHDL, Verilog
VHDL-AMS, Verilog-AMS
Behaviroral Simulation
Modelsim
Spectre, Accusim, Eldo
Synthesis/optization
Leonardo
--Test Synthesis
Synopsys-DC+
--Schematic Capture
Virtuoso Composer
Virtuoso Composer
Pre-Layout Simulation/Analysis Unknown
AnalogArtist (Spectre, Eldo)
Layout
Design Planner
Virtuoso-XL
Silicon Ensemble-PKS
Verification
Calibre, XCalibre, Assura
Calibre, XCalibre, Assura
Post-Layout Simulation/Analysis
Unknown
AnalogArtist (Spectre, Eldo)
Tools are decided by foundries’ “design kit”!
Conclusion
Very challenging!
Both TDCs are very possible to do the job
Wilkinson Time Stretcher TDC
TAC-ADC type TDC
Lots of comprehensive simulations need to
be done to find the direction to move.
Processes play the key role to win!
Forward Charge Injections without Cancellation
Switch
Reset
Ready
TAC
ADC
Reset
Forward Charge Injections
Reset
Tc
i_charge
C
4mv/box
i_discharge
TAC Value @1ps Step
Forward Charge Injection
:
I-src
Cd
Vd
Vc(error)=(Cd/C+Cbc)Vd
C
Tw
i-sink
(Pulse Divider!)