Transcript Corporate Design PowerPoint

Energy Automation
System Fault Analysis by means of Recordings from
Protection Devices and Disturbance Recorders – Today
and in the Future
Presenter: Hans-Joachim Herrmann, Germany
© Siemens AG 2009
Energy Sector
Content
Introduction
Methods of System Fault Analysis
Example of Fault Analysis by Experts
(Transformer Protection Trip)
Further Developments
Influence of Modern Technologies
Summary
Page 2
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Energy Automation
© Siemens AG 2009
Energy Sector
Introduction
Fast fault analysis reduces the outage
time
 Clarification of fault conditions
(real fault?; overfunction?, …)
 Determination of the fault type and
fault location
 Reasons for the fault or relay trip and if
possible countermeasures
Digital technology delivers all
necessary information
 Digital protection devices
 Trip events with a time stamp
 Disturbance (Fault) record
 Disturbance recorder
 Fault record triggered by protection
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© Siemens AG 2009
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Methods of System Fault Analysis
Two methods:
Disturbance
Experts
Collection of
data
Fault analysis
by experts
Fault Data
Automated
Fully automated
fault analysis
Server
Data gathering
and processing
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Energy Automation
© Siemens AG 2009
Energy Sector
Methods of System Fault Analysis
Data Flow of Automatic System Fault Analysis
Distribution
Web
Internet
E-mail
SMS
Fault analysis
Fax
Printer
PQ analysis
Data Gathering
and Processing
Customized
Equipment monitoring
Server(s)
Disturbance recording
SAFIR
Intranet
Continuous recording
Data
Base
PDC
Custom interfaces
IEEE C37.118
COMTRADE Files (TCP / IP)
Data concentrators,
Substation control
Devices
Protection
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Fault Recorder
PQ Recorder
Energy Automation
SIMEAS R-PMU
© Siemens AG 2009
Energy Sector
Methods of System Fault Analysis
Analysis by Experts
Why we need a fault analysis by experts?
 Not all faults can be clearly identified by an automated
system
 In some cases not all data are available for a fully
automated fault analysis
 Some faults are not clear
 The reason for the fault must be found out. Special fault
evaluations are necessary.
 Not all trips by a protection indicate a fault in the primary
system
 …
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© Siemens AG 2009
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Example of Fault Analysis via Experts
Transformer Protection Trip
Differential protection trips the unit transformer
Primary equipment passed the optical inspections
Protection passed all additional tests
Later a correlation with faults in the network was
identified
1
1
0.75
Differential Current (I/InTr)




DiffeffL1i
DiffeffL2i
DiffeffL3i
0.5
Char( l)
0.25
7UT51x
Fault record
protection
0
0
0
0
Generator A
1
Substation
Line 4D
Generator B
2
230 kV
Fault record
disturbance
recorder
7UT51x
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400 kV
30 kV
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
StabglL1i  StabglL2i  StabglL3i  l
Restraint Current (I/InTr)
 Various phase to
earth faults during
thunderstorms
 Selective and fast
fault clearing via
the line protection
Fault record
disturbance
recorder
Energy Automation
© Siemens AG 2009
Energy Sector
3
3
Example of Fault Analysis via Experts
Fault Hypothesis
 The hydro power station has a high voltage cable connection from
the unit transformer to the network
 The cable shield is earthed only on the power plant side
 The current measurement is realized via a cable mounted CT
CT 300A/1A
45 VA ALF >10;
Ri: 3Ohm; Rb: 3Ohm
S1 S2
 An ohmic termination was suspected on
the network side of the shield
 A portion of the earth fault current flows
via the shield
© Siemens AG 2009
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Example of Fault Analysis via Experts
Analysis of Fault Records - Fault on 400kV-side
421.29
600
protection
Primary Current in A
400
iw1L1i 200
iw1L2i
iw1L3i
0
200
 338.71 400
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
ita1
Time in ms
60
160
160
Generator A: Normal operation mode
276
400
fault recorder
720
iL2k
800
600
iL1k
0
400
iL3k
Primary Current in A
Primary Current in A
200
200
 367 400
60
70
80
90
100
110
k t a
Time in ms
60
120
130
140
150
160
Jul-15
iL2Nk
0
iL3Nk
200
400
160
600
Generator B: Synchronous condenser mode
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200
iL1Nk
Energy Automation
fault recorder
 660 800
110
110
120
130
140
150
160
k t a
Tim e in m s
170
180
190
200
210
210
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Energy Sector
Example of Fault Analysis via Experts
Synchronized Fault Records
Phase L2
560 600
Current in A
400
iL2m Nd 200
iw1L2m
0
iL2md
200
400
 530
600
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
d t a  mta1  d t a
Tim e in m s
60
150
160
160
Line 4D
Ge ne rator A
Ge ne rator B
Check of Kirchhoff's law (IGenA + IGenB = ILine 4D) at t = 120 ms
Generator A
Generator B
- (A + B)
Line 4D
Phase L1
130,3 A -30,8
95,3 A -137,5
137,6 A 107,6
140,4 A 106,5
Phase L2
171,2 A 117
102 A -149
192,3 A -31,2
362 A 49,3
Phase L3
255 A -177
214 A -150
456 A 15,4
447 A 15,7
There must be a fault in phase L2
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Example of Fault Analysis via Experts
Fault Evaluation – Opening the Cable Termination
From the outside
nothing could be
recognized
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Great effort when
opening the cable
termination
Energy Automation
Faulty element was
identified
© Siemens AG 2009
Energy Sector
Further Development
Influence of Modern Technologies
Trends
 Increased processor performance and memory size
 Object oriented software structure leads to “open relays”. Multifunctional devices and a higher functional integration is possible.
 Higher sampling rate of devices allows the analysis of higher harmonic
signals.
 Flexible and interoperable communication is a strength of modern IEDs
(IEC61850).
 Different communication levels and ways are possible (e. g. also a
powerful data exchange between devices).
 Precise time synchronization is a key for an accurate fault evaluation
(DCF 77, IREG B, GPS, Ethernet networks (SNTP or IEEE 1588)).
 Further development of infrastructure and tools for automatic power
system analysis and fault evaluation
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Typical response time (data transmission time)
from the power system event to the user report
t [min]
Improvement of communication equipment
2 MBit/s WAN
30
Multiple servers
Modern DFR
Parallel transfer
from station to center
20
10
5
0
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Sophisticated
Poor
Jul-15
Energy Automation
© Siemens AG 2009
Energy Sector
Summary
Automated Fault Analysis is the way to reduce the fault
clarification time, minimize the outage time and increase the
availability of the power system
but,
we need also the EXPERTS (for protection concepts, relay
settings, fault evaluation,...)
We must train and educate young engineers!
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Energy Automation
© Siemens AG 2009
Energy Sector