American Pageant

Chapter 10 “Launching the New Ship of State”

I. Growing Pains

A) Growing Population -4 million in 1790 -doubling every 25 years -90% rural -growing cities -5% lived east of Appalachia

II. Washington for President

A) 1789-Washington unanimously elected President B) Based on character-not politics C) Temporary capital-NYC D) 3 Cabinet members -Sec. of State—Thomas Jefferson -Sec. of Treasury-Alexander Hamilton -Sec. of War-Henry Knox

III. The Bill of Rights

A) States adopted Constitution-Bill of Rights would be added B) James Madison-led it through Congress C) Include individual liberties, rights in judicial system and protection of states’ rights D) Judiciary Act of 1789-created Supreme Court, federal and circuit courts, and office of attorney general

III. Hamilton Receives the Corpse of Public Credit A) Alexander Hamilton -British West Indies (from) -Loved country (not countrymen) -Put hands in affairs of other depts.

-Attract state financiers-trickle down effect B) Objectives -improve national credit -Funding at par-federal gov’t would pay debts at face -assumption-Congress would pay for debts of the (war for independence) -MA- ecstatic (large debt) -VA-not happy (obliged-gained DC) value states

IV. Customs Duties and Excise Taxes

A) Raise $ to pay for $75 million debt B) Tariff-8% on imported goods (Hamilton-Ind. Rev will come!) C) Excise Tax-7 cents on a gallon of whiskey

V. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank A) Hamilton-proposed a national bank -gov’t would be major stockholder -federal surpluses-deposited -funds would stimulate business -print paper money B) Jefferson-NO!!

-no authority in Constitution (state’s rights) -Congress cannot charter banks

C) Hamilton-YES!

-necessary and proper to overpower states D) Bank of the United States -1791-chartered for 20 years -Philadelphia-$10 capital-1/5 by fed. Gov.

-many purchased stock

VI. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania A) Whiskey Rebellion -pioneers-excise tax against frivolous luxury -whiskey poles- “liberty and no excise” -tarred and feathered revenue officers B) Gov’t Reaction -13,000 troops went in -put down rebellion -showed strength of federal gov’t

VII. Emergence of Political Parties

A) Hamilton (Federalists) -financial success and gov’t power -infringed on states’ rights B) Jefferson and Madison (Democrat-Republicans) -against central issues of Hamilton C) Debut-no parties (national unity)-no long term parties envisioned

VIII. The Impact of the French Revolution A) 1789-French rose up against Monarchy proclaimed a republic! (Second Phase of American Revolution?) B) Federalists-fearing change-strong gov’t collapsed?

C) Jeffersonians- “blood drinking cannibals” in the Reign of Terror—knock against federalists D) Major European War-What to do?

IX. Washington's Neutrality Proclamation A) Jeffersonians-align with France-alliance of 1778 B) Federalists-remain neutral C) Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 policy -proclaimed neutrality-led to isolationist -Washington-feeble army, disunited country, weak economy…do not need war D) Genêt-French representative-thought US was fully supporting France-tried to get military action was replaced

X. Embroilments with Britain

A) Britain-running posts on American soil in frontier (against treaty of 1783) -selling guns to Miami tribes for fur -hoping to use natives to hold back Americans B) Little Turtle-killed hundreds of soldiers C) 1794-Battle of Fallen Timbers-General Wayne crushed Miami tribes-British refused to shelter them D) Treaty of Greenville-tribes gave up land, received $20,000 and $9k a year, right to hunt on lands E) British-struck 300 ships in West Indies-used impressment, etc..

-Jeffersonian-declare war (bad economic move)

XI. Jay’s Treaty and Washington’s Farewell A) John Jay-sent to GB to settle disputes -Hamilton warned GB of bargaining B) Jay’s Treaty -GB-leave posts, stop supplying Indians with guns, and pay for ships -USA-pay for merchant ships during war and pay for war debt still owed -Jeffersonians-outraged!

C) Pinckney’s Treaty-Spain-granted Americans navigation of Mississippi, warehouse rights in New Orleans and large disputed territory D) Washington’s Farewell Address -warned of “permanent alliances” E) Washington’s legacy -2 term precedent -fiscal stability -stay clear of foreign wars -stay clear of political parties

XII. John Adams Becomes President

A) 1796 Election John Adams-VP of Washington Thomas Jefferson-Democrat-Republicans Federalist-”fire eating salamanders”-TJ B) John Adams-71 to 68 vote TJ-Vice President (repelled by 12 th amend) C) Adams -stern principles, stubborn devotion -no appeal; learned -hated by Hamilton (resigned in 1795) -quarrel with France

XIII. Unofficial Fighting with France

A) France-mad at Jay Treaty (against alliance) -attacked merchant ships in West Indies B) Adams-Sent John Marshall and 2 other diplomats to France -Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-charge $250,000 for a meeting with “X, Y, and Z” C) XYZ Affair -refused to pay -national heroes D) Navy Department expanded and Marines reestablished -attacked French ships

XIV. Adams Puts Patriotism Above Party A) Talleyrand-does not need a new enemy accept diplomat gracefully B) Adams-will send (outraged Hamilton) C) Napoleon rose to power D) Convention of 1800 -alliance was over -America pay its damage of merchant ships

XV. The Federalist Witch Hunt

A) Anti-French frenzy-pass laws!

B) Alien Laws-targeted undesirable immigrants -deport foreigners in peace; deport or imprison in war -raised citizenship from 5 to 14 years C) Sedition Act -illegal to impede gov’t or defame officials -shut Jeffersonian mouths and presses -Congressional elections of 98-99, Federalist sweep

XVI. The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions A) Virginia and Kentucky resolutions -stated Federal gov’t overstepped constitution -most states did not fall into line -more or less campaign documents -South would use them for secession

XVII. Federalist versus Democratic Republicans A) Federalists -those who own, should govern -strong central gov’t with power -support private enterprise, not interfere -tariffs to protect industry -restrictions on speech and press -expand for commercial use -Pro Britain -Alexander Hamilton

B) Democratic-Republicans -rule by masses -weak central gov’t -pro states’ rights -state banks -support all people including poor -pro France -Thomas Jefferson