Transcript Mid-Term Exam - ECHS English I Literature
Mid-Term Exam
English I ECHS C. Edge 2007-2008
Plot Developmental Stages
STAGE ONE The Exposition introduces the story’s characters, setting, and major problems that will eventually be solved.
STAGE TWO The Rising Action occurs as complications or twists arise, or when the conflict intensifies.
STAGE THREE The Climax the emotional high point of the story.
Plot Developmental Stages
STAGE FOUR The Falling Action the logical result of the climax.
STAGE FIVE The Resolution the final outcome of the story.
STAGE SIX (not present in every story) The Denouement the final unraveling of the plot; the solution of a mystery; an explanation or outcome.
1. Exposition 2. Rising Action 3. Climax 4. Falling Action 5. Resolution 6. Denouement
Plot Diagram
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6.
Setting
The time and place of a story’s action
.
The setting includes ideas, customs, values, and beliefs that may be associated with the time and place of the action.
Just as real people are often shaped by their environment, characters are often shaped by the setting.
idiom
Expression peculiar to a particular language that means something different from the literal meaning of each word.
“The Scarlet Ibis” by James Hurst
Example “It’s raining cats and dogs.” “We heard it through the grapevine.” Now, if you were a non-native English speaker, how odd would these phrases seem?
Characters
The actors in a story’s plot
.
They can be animals, people, or whatever the writer chooses.
Protagonist The main character.
Antagonist Character in conflict with the main character There may be more than one or there may not be one at all.
Characters
Round Character Shows a variety of traits that may be contradictory.
OR
Flat Character Reveals only one character trait.
Stereotype A flat character of a familiar and often-repeated type.
Characters
Dynamic Character Develops and changes in the course of a literary work.
OR
Static Character Remains the same from the beginning to the end.
Theme
The central idea or message of a story.
It is often a comment or perception about life or human nature.
Two types of theme:
1. Stated Is directly presented or discussed in the story.
2. Implied Must be inferred by considering all the elements of a story and asking what message about life is conveyed.
Point of View
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2.
3.
The relationship of the narrator , or storyteller, to the story.
Three points of view: First Person Point of View Third Person Limited Point of View Third Person Omniscient Point of View
First Person Point of View
The narrator of the story is a character in the story.
The narrator uses the pronoun “I” when referring to the main character.
Third Person Limited Point of View
The narrator is an observer only.
The narrator reveals the thoughts of only one character.
The narrator uses the pronoun “he” or “she” when referring to the main character.
Third Person Omniscient Point of View
The narrator is an observer only.
God-like narrator —the narrator knows all and sees all and is able to reveal the thoughts of all the characters.
13. sensory detail
Images that appeal to our senses of sight, taste, smell, hearing, and touch.
“The Scarlet Ibis” by James Hurst
Example: The crackle of the fire.
The smell of burning cedar.
The sight of the trees swaying in the breeze.
14. symbolism
the use of symbols Symbols can be a person, place, thing, or event that stands for itself and for something beyond itself as well.
“The Scarlet Ibis” by James Hurst
Example Crown = king Pocket protector = nerd Rolls Royce = wealth and sophistication
Characterization
The process of revealing the personality of a character in a story.
16. Methods of characterization
Three methods of characterization
: 1.What the writer says about the character.
2.What the character says, does, or feels.
3.What other characters say or think about the character.
17. “The Sniper” by Liam O’Connell
Setting Dublin, Ireland during the Irish Civil War, around 1920. The sniper is on a rooftop at midnight in June.
point of view Third person limited —an observer only, but only knows the thoughts of one character, the sniper.
plot summary Republican sniper is on his very first mission. He is nervous and inexperienced. He is under fire from across the street from another sniper. He shoots a woman and a man in an armored car, then gets shot in his arm. He lures the other sniper out of his hiding place by playing dead and shoots him. He goes down to see who the other man was and finds out that he has killed his own brother.
Theme War is full of terrible consequences.
18. “The Scarlet Ibis” by James Hurst
Setting The setting is the American South during the time of World War I.
point of view The narrator is a first person narrator.
plot summary The narrator wanted someone who he could box with, climb trees with, and run around with, but Doodle was physically handicapped. He tries to teach Doodle to walk and run, but the strain is too much for Doodle’s weak heart. Doodle dies trying to keep up with his older brother.
Theme Life is fragile and should be appreciated for the short time it is lived.
symbolism of the bird’s early death?
The bird symbolizes Doodle and his early death.
symbolism of the storm? The storm symbolizes the storm of emotions inside the narrator as he pushes Doodle to be “normal” and the inevitable doom of Doodle.
Imagery
Imagery contributes to a poem’s forcefulness.
Imagery is part of poet’s individual personal style.
Imagery helps readers see things freshly like the poet sees them.
Imagery that is fresh and powerful helps to create a strong emotional reaction.
20. Exaggeration
stretching the truth, usually for comedic effect.
“The Talk” by Gary Soto
21. biography
Biography
—the story of someone’s life written by someone else
22. autobiography
Autobiography
—the written story the writer’s own life
“The Struggle to Be an All-American Girl” by Elizabeth Wong “When I Lay My Burden Down” by Maya Angelou
23. Subjectivity
objectivity
uninfluenced by emotions or personal prejudices – judgment based on observable phenomena and we want a biography to be objective this requires research we do not want the author’s prejudices to distort the selection
subjectivity
and feelings and opinions rather than external facts – judgment based on individual personal impressions we want the writer to get personal and emotional the writer’s prejudice will be evident
Is this selection more objective or subjective? Why?
Obviously, this selection is more subjective since she is telling about her feelings about the events in her life.
24. “The Struggle To Be An All American Girl” by Elizabeth Wong
selection summary The speaker tells about being made by her mother to attend Chinese school while growing up in America. She and her brother would rather absorb American culture and leave behind their native culture. In the end, the speaker reveals her regret at losing her native culture.
main idea Culture is lost if it is not embraced.
supporting details She hates going to Chinese school, dislikes the way her mother and grandmother speak their native language, but in the end she expresses regret at not knowing about her own native culture.
Conflict Native cultures vs. novel cultures Audience Americans
25. “When I Lay My Burden Down” by
Maya Angelou
selection summary Maya’s grandmother raises her in the segregated South where blacks are not treated equal to whites. She faces the mistreatment of dirty white girls who insult her. Grandmother refuses to respond to their taunts.
main idea Maintain your dignity even in the sight of adversity.
supporting details Grandmother teaches her grandchildren to respect themselves and others by keeping themselves clean and calling people by their respectful names.
Grandmother doesn’t stoop down to the level of the ‘powhitetrash’ girls.
Conflict Black vs. white Dignity vs. indecency Imagery Sounds of their voices compared to “cigar-box guitars”
26. “The Talk” by Gary Soto
selection summary Two best friends look longingly at a pretty girl and ridicule themselves because they are not attractive.
main idea We are our own worst critic.
There is someone for everyone.
supporting details Even though they think they are doomed to not find someone because they are not attractive, they still dream of what their lives will be like when they are married to someone.
Conflict Superficial vs. genuine exaggerations Arms that reach past his knees.
Eyes that are the size of pencil dots.
Rhyme Scheme
DEFINITION —the pattern of the end rhymes
May be designated by assigning a different letter of the alphabet to each new rhyme.
EXAMPLE: Ro-ses are red.
A Vio-lets are blue.
You look like a mon-key B C and you smell like one, too. B
38. slant rhymes
Rhymes that do not rhyme exactly.
“good” and “food”
39. Onomatopoeia
Words that the definition mimics the actual sound the word makes when spoken.
Imagery
DEFINITION —descriptive language that appeals to the senses —sight, sound, touch, taste, or smell.
Some images appeal to more than one sense.
EXAMPLE: The whistle of a boat Calls and cries unendingly (this image appeals to what sense?)
41.simile
Simile —a figure of speech using a word such as like or as to directly compare seemingly unlike things
Example: He ran as fast as a cat.
43. metaphor
Metaphor —a figure of speech that compares or equates seemingly unlike things, but does so indirectly
Example: His speed was almost feline.
44. direct metaphor
A metaphor that compares two dissimilar things directly by saying that one thing is another.
“He is a lion on the battlefield.”
Personification
DEFINITION —attributing human characteristics to an animal, object, or idea
EXAMPLE: The trees danced in the moonlight…
Rhythm
DEFINITION —the pattern of sound created by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line.
Can be regular or irregular EXAMPLE: Ro-ses are red.
(4 beats) Vio-lets are blue.
You look like a mon-key (4 beats) (6 beats) and you smell like one, too. (6 beats)
Meter
DEFINITION —a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables, which sets the overall rhythm of certain poems
Stressed syllables are marked ( ’ ) and unstressed syllables are marked (~) EXAMPLE: ‘ ~ ~ ‘ Ro-ses are red.
‘ ~ ~ ‘ Vio-lets are blue.
~ ‘ ~ ~ ‘ ~ You look like a mon-key ~ ‘ ~ ~ ‘ ~ and you smell like one, too.
Alliteration
DEFINITION —the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginnings of words
EXAMPLE: P eter P i p er p icked a p eck of p ickled p e pp ers.
How many p ecks of p ickled p e pp ers did P eter P i p er p ick?
Cliché
DEFINITION —an expression so often used that its freshness and clarity have worn off
A cliché is a word that has been “played out.”
Scene
DEFINITION —The location of the events of the poem.
Poets use images to establish scene.
A scene can be an external physical setting A hillside, a city, a pond, a room, etc.
A scene can be internalized Inside the speaker’s mind
Allusion
DEFINITION —a figure of speech that makes brief reference to a historical or literary figure, event, or object Example from music: Led Zeppelin’s “Battle of Evermore” has references to
Lord of the Rings
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“A Narrow Fellow in the Grass,” by Emily Dickinson
This poem presents a speaker who fears snakes even though he loves nature and its creatures.
The speaker doesn’t have to be the poet!!!
“When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer,” by Walt Whitman
The speaker is in a lecture hall listening to an astronomer describe how to plot and measure the distances of the stars in the night sky. Bored, the speaker (both in his mind and physically) rises up and wanders off into the mystical night sky to enjoy the visual beauty of the stars rather than the mathematical beauty.
Sandburg “Fog”
Speaker compares a gray cat to morning fog in the way that it moves and sneaks up on the city. The speaker uses an extended image to display this metaphor.
“in Just-“ E. E. Cummings
The seemingly innocent balloonman ushers in Springtime by warming the air and leading the children out to play with his whimsical whistling. The poet uses fresh words and images to usher in the freshness of Spring.
THE NOVEL To Kill a
Mockingbird by Harper Lee
52. ________________________ is the narrator of this story.
Scout
53. Scout’s real name is ________________________.
Jean Louise Finch
54. The story is set in ________________________.
Maycomb, Alabama during the years of 1933-1935.
55. ________________________ is Atticus Finch’s cook.
Calpurnia
56. Scout thinks that the world is ending because it ________________________.
snows
57. Mayella is beaten severely by someone who leads with their ______
Left hand
58. ________________________ heartily disapproves of the way Atticus is raising his children.
Aunt Alexandra
59. Atticus doesn’t think ________________________ will carry out this threats.
Bob Ewell
60. To protect ________________________ from scandal, heck Tate claims Bob Ewell fell on
his own knife.
61. All through the trial, Jem knows that Tom Robinson will be found ________________________.
innocent
62. The story takes place during
The Great Depression
63. Atticus accepts Tom Robinson’s case because
The judge appoints him, but also because Atticus feels a moral obligation to defend an innocent man.
64. The people of Maycomb County know the Ewells are
Dishonest, disreputable, and lazy.
65. Scout learns to understand people by following Atticus’s advice to
“walk around in their skin”
66. Tom Robinson is a fine example of a man except for a
Crippled left hand
67. Tom Robinson runs when Bob Ewell sees him and Mayella because
He is afraid because he is a black man in a situation that will only end up badly for him.
68. Atticus says the bravest person he ever knew was
Mrs. Dubose
69. Scout learns new respect for her father when she discovers he can
Shoot a rifle
70. The lynch mob leaves Atticus and Tom Robinson alone because
Scout speaks directly to Walter Cunningham, Sr. about being in trouble with the law. Her innocence causes him to rethink what they are doing.
71. Scout teaches Uncle Jack to
Listen to both sides of a story when she gets in a fight with her cousin, Francis for calling Atticus terrible names because of his decision to defend Tom Robinson.
72. In defending Tom Robinson, Atticus had to face
The disappointment of his sister, the town, and his own friends.
73. From where did the children watch Tom’s trial?
From the balcony of the courthouse reserved for blacks.
74. Tom could not have been Mayella’s attacker because he
He cannot use his left hand and Mayella was beaten by someone who leads almost exclusively with his left hand.
75. Tom was found guilty because he
Was black
76. Atticus won a small victory in the case of Tom Robinson because
The jury of 12 white men deliberated for over 2 hours before deciding on the guilty verdict. This shows that they genuinely considered the possibility that a black man could be telling the truth and a white man could be lying.
77. After the trial, the black community show respect and gratitude to Atticus by
Standing up as he walked under the balcony
They also brought food to Atticus’s back steps as a sign of gratitude
78. The injustice of the Robinson case was presented to the community by
Mr. Underwood’s editorial in the newspaper
79. On Halloween night, Scout’s life was saved by
Boo Radley
80. Bob Ewell died when
Boo Radley stabbed him with a kitchen knife to save Scout and Jem